托福写作笔记二

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　　独立写作论证方法

　　(一) 举例1.Paragons,such A and B,respectively come immediately to my mind...

　　2.While such cases are rare,they do occur occasionally. A case in point ralates to Sb in the field of...

　　(二) 引用

　　1. As a saying goes”.....”which is to say....

　　2. According to a well-known scientist ....and I paraphrase ...in other words....

　　3. ..名言..such is remark of ..Sb..,one of the best-known scientist

　　(三) 数据调查

　　According to the statistical result of a recent survey A and B have soared respectively by...and...In contrast C declined at an accelerating rate,and it is also the case with D.The statistical result illustrates that....

　　(四) 反证法 with A...without A...

　　(五) 类比和对比Similarity,by the same token....(同理可证)

　　In like manner(同样的) likewise

　　In contrast

　　On the contrary

　　BEGINING

　　一.A or B

　　When it refers to...people’s opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue (AorB) It is commonly accept that...others however,like the negative attitude.In my opinion of view.I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.

　　二.表态类

　　.....?The discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come to vogue during the last decade.The statement declares that.....However,I disagree with the statement, and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting my view.

　　三.列举式开头

　　Nowadays...has loomed up wide public concern.What amazes us most is that....Among countless factors,which directly or indirectly influence...There are several conspicious aspects as follows.

　　ENDING

　　重申立场

　　概述理由

　　Weighing the pros and cons of..topic..I strongly commit to the notion that....no only because...but also...

　　题库183.When it refers to the value of history,the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present.However I disagree with the statement for the reason that mankind’s progress is that of constantly building upon and adding to the past and existing base of knowledge and experience.

　　The main reason is that history helps us understand ourselves.especially our weakness.In the business world,there is one saying that:”You have to know where you have been and where you are in order to know where you are going.” What’s more,I agree with the statements that business corporations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance.Without reservations for the reason that each corporation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Moving on to wider themes to the high-tech industries,one company has to examine the efficacy and efficiency of decisions made in the past to see what results were produced.Natually they learn from their past mistakes which better prepares them for the future.Let’s begin our discussion here to a more present and practical context.It can be given a concrete example that Microsoft has regular reviews of its past sales and marketing information in the form of quarterly or annual review.

　　Another equally essential factor why I advocate the value of history involves the realm of politics and society.No one can deny that in the international arena,one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries.Meanwhile only through studing history can we grasp how things change .Obviously it is imperative for politicians to learn from the past,because the country’s history has the greatest impact upon its current national charactor and its people and leadership.History is replete with evidence to demostrate this.A case in point has an association with the World War II –the world community learned the great lesson from World War II that there must not be another world war,thus we entered the 40 plus years of cold war.

　　However, we should concede that despite the merits of referring to past mentioned above,overextended referring to the history will be indeed counterproductive even harmful.The harm it produces is, in my view ,both palpable and profound.For the individual,it has debasing impact on people’s originality for the society it may promote a negative tendency toward ossification.

　　Weighing the pros and cons of learning about the past,I strongly commit to the notion that learning about the past is critical to understand the present and charting a successful course for the future whether it be in the world of business or the world of international relations.

　　综合性写作：

　　READING:topic of reading main points:2~4

　　听力核心路标词

　　新老观点：Earlier,Traditionally,Originally,Previously,Conventionally,Before.

　　Yet,But,However,In contrast,Contrarily

　　Recently,Recent study,New finding,Alternative,Now,Re-examine

　　次序层次，紧邻原则：

　　Firstly ,first of all ,most of all, on the one hand

　　Secondly ,moreover, furthermore,what’s more ,on the other hand , for another,and then

　　Thirdly ,eventually ,lastly

　　因果关系(引出新的要点，拓展上一要点)

　　Since ,because ,for ,for the reason that,cause

　　Therefore ,as a result , thus , consequence , natually

　　重要的小信号词：factor ,point ,aspect

　　阅读转述作者：the writer,the author,the passage

　　听力转述作者：the speaker , the lecture,the professor,the instructor,the teacher

　　阅读动词表达：discuss,introduce,argue,conclude,suggest,recommand,propose,appeal

　　听力动词表达:point out ,say ,tell ,put ,disagree ,disapprove ,refute ,rebut ,reject ,object to ,oppose , counter ,doubt ,question ,challenge ,cite , mention ,quote ,refer to ,suggest ,imply ,put forward ,explain ,exemplify ,illustrate ,show

　　抽象名词：

　　话题，命题：issue matter topic problem subject observation concern defination description

　　原因，根据：reason basis ground cause motive motivation explaination account evidence data fact proof

　　猜想，假设：assumption premise presumption supposition postulation guess hypothesis conjecture

　　观点，结论：conclusion statement point idea opinion judgement view motion theory

　　建议，提议：advice appeal proposal plan scheme recommendation

　　听力信息常用的抽象名词：(further/closer) studies/reseaching new finding/discovery

　　alternative explanation/theory counter example/evidence objection refutation comment assertion allegation remark claim

　　Oppose题型的逻辑架构：listening:reading=2:1

　　In the lecture,the professor/instructor made several points about....On the other hand, the reading contends that....The professor’s lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a nember of pionts that are contrary to...

　　The first point that the teacher uses to refute the reading is that...According to him...However, this is different from the reading,which states that....Moreover,countrary to the belief in the passage that....the instructor asserts that...(listening)...To be specific...Finally, the lecture points out that...This is not what reading says.The reading lists....The lecture’s last point,casts doubt on the reading on the basis of....

　　以上就是新东方在线为大家总结的托福写作笔记二的相关内容，最后预祝大家在托福考试中取得优异的成绩!

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