托福阅读中长难句简化原则

　　本文中新东方在线托福网为大家收集整理托福阅读中长难句简化原则一文，供大家参考。更多关于托福阅读、托福阅读评分标准、托福题型、托福经验分享、托福真题等托福考试的相关资料，尽在新东方在线托福网。

　　托福阅读中有着几种题型是每次考试都爱出现的，其中托福阅读试题中的句子简化题便是一个，这种托福阅读题如果不会正确的方法可能会耽误不少时间，下面就来详细介绍一下这个问题。

　　句子简化的托福阅读试题可分为两种类型，那解答这种托福阅读题的方法也相应不同：

　　第一种是有逻辑关系的句子。那就需要分辨是哪一种逻辑关系，常见的逻辑关系有三种：转折、因果和比较;第二步就是要确定逻辑关系的双方：假如是因果关系就需要确定原因和结果分别是什么。错误选项往往会因果倒置;假如是转折关系就需要确定作者更强调哪一部分信息。错误选项往往把次要信息放在主要的位置上(如but后面);如果是比较关系的话，就需要确定比较的双方，比较的内容和比较的结果。错误选项往往把比较结果弄反。

　　有些托福阅读题型句子逻辑和答案逻辑是相对应的，优先用逻辑解题比较简单，可以迅速正确解题，如例1。

　　Example 1 TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People

　　Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

　　9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.

　　○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.

　　○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.

　　○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

　　先看原句，contrary to表示一个与主干部分相反的附加信息，主干部分在逗号之后，后半句说看起来合理的是这个壮举是由精心准备的殖民远征实现的，他们满载食物和动植物。原句中出现了一个表示相反的逻辑关系。选项中只有C和D含有转折关系。C说尽管看起来带着充足的食物殖民远征是合理的，但是这被很多证据反驳。原句中并没有体现用证据来反驳，所以C不正确。选项D中的intentional and well planed对应原句的deliberate，rather than 对应原句开头的contrary to，原文就是否定了意外，支持了精心准备，所以D正确。

　　但是有时会发现光靠逻辑去解题，有时不会简单甚至会错误，因为有时逻辑对了但语义不对，但有些逻辑发生了改变但是却是正确选项，如例2所示。

　　Example 2 TPO3-3 The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems

　　Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.

　　11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.

　　○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.

　　○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.

　　○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.

　　先看句子，有not…but…表转折，如果先通过逻辑去做题，那就直接把正确的D选项直接排除掉了，A,B,C都有rather than，not，not等，显然这个方法是不行的，所以还得靠主干来做题。

　　句子中间逗号隔开，逗号之前是environment，之后是对environment的解释，所以这个句子的重点在前半句，说许多的生态学家现在认为 C群落的长期稳定性不是来源于多样性，而是来源于P环境。因此这句话的核心就是P对稳定性的决定作用。只有D与原句吻合，说P环境可以被认为增加稳定性，因为它可以支持广泛的各种各样的有机体，because后面的原因与原句后半句对应。

　　选项A说： 生态学家现在认为稳定性来源于多样性而不是P。与原文相反。

　　选项B说： P没有多样性。不对，原文P环境能支持更多的物种，且它没有说P和稳定性的关系，也不对;

　　选项C说： 统一的环境不可能是C群落，因为它们不能像P一样支持许多种类的有机体，主语Uniform environments出现在原句后半句，不是句子核心，所以一定不对。

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