托福阅读作者目的题练习(1)

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　　例一：The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes　easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who　finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as　though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the　loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked　closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from　management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even　fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid　workers sensed their decline in status.

　　In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to　○support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

　　○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory　machinery

　　○argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

　　○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

　　例二：Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its　beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task　　of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen　in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains　of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces　thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be　made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural　forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of　separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used was used by the early cultures of　the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first　developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

　　Why dose the author include a description of how the “doorways and windows” of Machu　Picchu were constructed?

　　○To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu　Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures

　　○To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu

　　○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented

　　○To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone.

　　例三：The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early　1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s　onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the　Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a　day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green　islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significantamounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition,

　　40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

　　In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American　cattle are fattened in the High Plains?

　　○To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High　Plains

　　○To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation

　　○To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the　economy of the High Plains

　　○To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of　the United States