托福语法课程讲义:中文和英文的本质区别

　　为了帮助大家高效备考托福，熟悉托福语法，新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福语法课程讲义:中文和英文的本质区别一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!

　　第一课石头颠覆传统系列课程

　　第一课

　　1.1. 中文和英文的本质区别

　　1.2. 名词短语的“左二右六”原则

　　1.3. 阅读实战举例

　　1.1. 中文和英文的本质区别?

　　中文意合，英文形合

　　Hypotaxis: the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.

　　Parataxis: the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.

　　名词短语的构造——“左二右六”

　　限定词+形容词+中心名词(headword)+六类右置定语：介词短语，分词短语，不定是短语，形容词短语，定语从句，同位语从句

　　在语言学上，汉语被称作是“中心词(head)在后”的语言(head-last language);英语被称作是“中心词在前”的语言(head-first language)。因此，总体来说，英语和汉语的语序差不多是刚好反过来的。

　　名词性短语： 左二右六原则

　　The boy is my brother.

　　The cute boy is my brother.

　　The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother.(介词短语做后置定语)

　　The cute boy wearing nothing is my brother. (分词短语做后置定语)

　　The cute boy to do what he likes is my brother.(不定式做后置定语)

　　The cute boy smart enough is my brother. (形容词短语做后置定语)

　　The cute boy who can speak perfect English is my brother. (定语从句)

　　The suspicion that the cute boy is his brother is true.( 同位语)

　　阅读实战举例

　　练习1(SAT演练)

　　Fortune 500 companies actually dole out big fees to comedy consultants who offer humor seminars and improvisational workshops— all in the name of improved productivity.

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　难词注解：dole out 发放

　　语法分析：Fortune 500 companies actually dole out big fees to comedy consultants who offer humor seminars and improvisational workshops— all in the name of improved productivity.

　　参考译文：事实上，财富500 强的公司凭借提高生产力的名义，向开展幽默讨论会和即兴训练的喜剧顾问发放经费。

　　练习2(SAT演练)

　　One can as easily become a chemist or a neuroanatomist because of where one went to school or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system.

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　难词注解：neuroanatomist 神经解剖学家

　　compelling a.强制的

　　One can as easily become a chemist or a neuroanatomist because of where one went to school or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system.

　　参考译文：正如化学的机理和人类神经系统的完美能激发人早期自发的反应一样，人同样容易受到上学的地点和某位人士的影响，从而成为化学家或者神经解剖学家。

　　练习3 (托福演练)

　　But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　难词注解：ichthyosaurs 鱼龙

　　But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

　　(of结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…)

　　但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。

　　练习4(托福演练)

　　A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　难词注解：myriad 种种的

　　A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance

　　参考译文：

　　基于持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，再有金属框架的改善，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了能弹奏出种种音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

　　练习5 (GRE 阅读演练)

　　Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

　　练习5 (GRE 阅读演练)

　　Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

　　练习6 (GRE演练)

　　Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing

　　5 much more pollen than is actually used.

　　练习7 (GMAT演练)

　　As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

　　As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

　　随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系,非正式的信息

　　流动被切断了,随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。

　　练习8 (GMAT演练)

　　The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

　　现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多,而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点 信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时,有时甚至令人难以招 。

　　以上就是新东方在线托福网为你带来的托福语法课程讲义:中文和英文的本质区别，更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线托福网。