托福语法课程讲义:语法三大从句-形容词性从句

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　　第四课

　　4.1. 三大从句-形容词性从句

　　4.2. 限定与不限定定语从句

　　4.3. 阅读实战举例

　　几个需要澄清的核心语法点

　　虚拟语气：

　　过去的虚拟：

　　If I had had time yesterday, I would have called him. (I didn’t call him)

　　现在的虚拟：

　　If I had time, I would call her.

　　If I were you, I would marry Stone.

　　将来的虚拟：

　　If I were to have time tomorrow, I would call her.

　　If I should win the lottery, I would buy Stone a house.

　　If it were to rain tomorrow, I would stay home.

　　If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.

　　一、思考一个问题：英语中修饰名词的通常是什么词?

　　答案：形容词

　　例如：Stone is an ideal boyfriend.

　　但是要表达一个稍微复杂一点的意思时，用一个简单的形容词就不行了。

　　例如：我喜欢能说流利英语的男生。

　　I like boys who can speak fluent English .

　　定语从句两个核心标志：

　　先行词(名词;短语;句子)

　　被定语从句修饰的对象

　　2. 关系词(代词;副词)

　　二、关系代词在定语从句充当的成分

　　主语、宾语

　　1)主语

　　一个简单句如何变为定语从句：

　　I like guys and they have a good sense of humor.

　　I like guys who have a good sense of humor.

　　2)宾语

　　I’d really like to find a friend and I can trust him completely.

　　I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.

　　主要关系词：that;which;who

　　关系代词总结：充当两种成分：

　　主语或宾语。

　　作宾语的关系代词可以省去。

　　改错：

　　He is the man who he is teaching us English.

　　I'd really like to find a friend that I can trust him completely.

　　三、关系代词分类

　　两大类：关系代词和关系副词。

　　1)关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose(定语)，

　　2)关系副词则包括when，where和why，这些词起副词的作用，在定语从句里充当状语。

　　Yesterday was a special day when Frank and River got married。

　　River was watching blue movies when Stone came into the classroom.

　　-1)先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom

　　who和whom的区别：

　　who 不与介词搭配使用。不说with who，而说with whom

　　whom在定语从句中不能作主语，但可作宾语或表语。

　　A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.

　　-2)表示人或物的所有关系，用whose

　　“whose+名词”在从句中可作主语、动词的宾语或介词的宾语。

　　I know a friend. His brother is a pop singer.

　　I know a friend whose brother is a pop singer.

　　-3)先行词指物，用关系代词which

　　which可作从句的主语或宾语，只不过which的先行词是“物”。

　　which所指代的先行词除个别单词外，还可指代短语甚至从句。

　　I became a single mother overnight, which is nothing like becoming famous overnight.

　　全句I became a single mother overnight作which的先行词。

　　-3)先行词指物，用关系代词which

　　which可作从句的主语或宾语，只不过which的先行词是“物”。

　　which所指代的先行词除个别单词外，还可指代短语甚至从句。

　　I became a single mother overnight, which is nothing like becoming famous overnight.

　　全句I became a single mother overnight作which的先行词。

　　-3)先行词指物，用关系代词which

　　which可作从句的主语或宾语，只不过which的先行词是“物”。

　　which所指代的先行词除个别单词外，还可指代短语甚至从句。

　　I became a single mother overnight, which is nothing like becoming famous overnight.

　　全句I became a single mother overnight作which的先行词。

　　-4)that 人物皆可

　　that指物替换which，指人替换who

　　Too many people spend money which they haven’t earned, to buy things which they don’t want, to impress people who they don’t like.

　　that替换其中的which和who：

　　Too many people spend money that they haven’t earned, to buy things that they don’t want, to impress people that they don’t like.

　　that不用在非限制性定语从句中

　　that不能用于介词的后面：

　　The world in which we live is made up of matter.

　　或：The world which we live in is made up of matter.

　　或：The world that we live in is made up of matter.

　　2)关系副词的用法

　　when，where和why，作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。

　　when的用法：when可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，其先行词须是表示时间的名词，如day，year或time等。

　　I'll never forget the day when I met you.

　　where的用法：where的先行词一般是表示地点的名词，如place和house等;

　　This is the town where I spent my childhood.

　　why的用法：只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。

　　This is the reason why I didn’t come here.

　　四、限制性与非限制性定语从句

　　限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开

　　He is a man who is of value to the people.

　　非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开

　　形容词性从句和名词性从句的本质区别

　　名词性从句和成分有关系(三类四分)

　　形容词性从句二条必备(先行词+关系词)

　　Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black

　　5 history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.

　　Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and 10 talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes 15 giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a 20 distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a 25 predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

　　The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as

　　5 economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls for the misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended

　　10 by the speaker: “He took his stick-no, not John's, but his own.” No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages.

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