托福语法课程讲义:语法五大基本句型简单句

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　　第二课

　　2.1. 简单句-五大基本句型

　　2.2. 并列句详解全攻略

　　2.3. 写作实战举例

　　2.1. 简单句-五大基本句型

　　一起思考一个问题：

　　What is English? 英文是什么?

　　英文=词法 + 句法

　　词法：1)十大词类(名动形副数，冠代介连感)2)构词法

　　句法：简单并列与复杂，倒装形式非谓语

　　区分双宾语与宾语补语：

　　Stone made me a cake=

　　Stone made a cake for me. 双宾语

　　I am a cake?

　　Stone made me his wife.

　　I’m his wife.

　　2.2. 并列句详解全攻略

　　问题1：什么是并列句 ?

　　答案：“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。

　　问题2：英文中都有哪些并列连词?

　　1.表并列关系的

　　and,

　　both...and,

　　as well as,

　　not only...but (also),

　　neither...nor2.表转折关系的

　　but,

　　however，

　　while，

　　still,

　　yet

　　He is not perfect, still, he is excellent.

　　3.表选择关系的

　　or,

　　either...or...,

　　not...but...,

　　or else

　　4.表因果关系的

　　for,

　　So,

　　so that,

　　therefore,

　　because

　　并列句的口诀!

　　and 表示顺承

　　while表示对比

　　but/yet表示转折

　　for/so表示因果

　　or/either ...or 表示选择

　　when和and/then表示时间

　　and/so/neither/nor表示并列

　　not only...but also/neither... nor表示递进

　　LZ is a beautiful city located in northwest China. (connectives; without connectives)

　　Lz is a beautiful city. Lz is famous for beef noodles. Bj is the capital city of China. Bj is famous for its one of the most attractive historical buildings named Forbidden City。

　　Lz is a beautiful city which is famous for beef needles, while BJ is the capital city of china that

　　is noted for onte …………….which is named

　　练习 1(SAT 演练)

　　The predominant fashion among serious writers has been to consider any recognizable

　　concern for the reader as a commercial blemish on the otherwise spotless face of art.

　　难句类型：复杂修饰

　　难词注解：blemish n.缺点

　　语法分析：The predominant fashion among serious writers has been to consider any

　　主语 定语 谓语

　　recognizable concern for the reader as a commercial blemish on the otherwise spotless face

　　宾语 宾语 介词短语

　　of art.

　　意群训练：The predominant fashion among serious writers has been to consider any

　　recognizable concern for the reader as a commercial blemish on the otherwise spotless face of

　　art.

　　参考译文：正统作家把任何可以辨识的基于读者的考虑当成是对原本无暇的艺术品的商

　　业污点，这成为一种风尚。

　　本句需重点掌握otherwise 的用法，可以理解成“原本”。

　　练习 2 (SAT 演练)

　　Authors who make this their motto, in the name of artistic integrity, can hardly be expected

　　to tolerate the attitudes of critically acclaimed nineteenth‐century novelists, who believed

　　that their first duty was to try to seem “pleasant,” and that to do so they must render their

　　meanings “without an effort to the reader.”

　　难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语

　　难词注解：acclaim vt.向…欢呼,为…喝彩

　　render vt.提供

　　语法分析：Authors who make this their motto, in the name of artistic integrity, can hardly be

　　主语 定语 插入语 谓语

　　expected to tolerate the attitudes of critically acclaimed nineteenth‐century novelists, who

　　不定式 定语

　　believed that their first duty was to try to seem “pleasant,” and that to do so they must

　　从句

　　render their meanings “without an effort to the reader.”

　　并列成分

　　意群训练：Authors who make this their motto, in the name of artistic integrity, can hardly be

　　expected to tolerate the attitudes of critically acclaimed nineteenth‐century novelists, who

　　believed that their first duty was to try to seem “pleasant,” and that to do so they must

　　render their meanings “without an effort to the reader.”

　　参考译文：将此奉为箴言的作家，就(作品)艺术的完整性的层面，很难容忍19 世纪受

　　到评论界赞赏的小说家的态度。这些小说家认为自己的首要职责是“愉悦读者”，为实现该

　　职责，他们必须把作品“不费吹灰之力”地展示给读者。

　　练习3 (托福演练)

　　The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.

　　Note taking：

　　A. While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.

　　B. Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.

　　C. While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.

　　D. The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.

　　练习4 (托福演练)

　　The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

　　Note taking：

　　A. Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions.

　　B. The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it.

　　C. Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season.

　　D. Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons.

　　练习5(GRE演练)

　　Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.

　　练习6(GRE演练)

　　Experiments show that insects can function as pollinators of cycads, rare, palm-like tropical plants. Furthermore, cycads removed from their native habitats—and therefore from insects native to those habitats—are usually infertile.

　　练习7 (GMAT 演练)

　　The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

　　[参考译文]

　　这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求, 并且它(这种变化) 防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的 创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公 司)的时候,经常会毁掉那些 家族公司的财富。

　　练习 8 (GMAT 演练)

　　The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

　　这场辩论是由政府发动的,政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里,甚至 要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。

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