托福口语Task4心理学题目解析

　　为了帮助大家高效备考托福，熟悉托福口语Task4题目，新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福口语Task4心理学题目解析一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!

　　1.Task 4 基本介绍

　　托福考试口语部分中的Task4是托福口语六道题里边被广大考生认为难度最高的一道综合口语题。它的格式与Task3类似，也是一道Reading/Listening/Speaking题目 , 但内容却与Task6类似，是一道学术题。

　　第四题包含三个步骤：准备时间30秒，答题时间60秒。(see Figure 1)

　　Figure 1. Task 4 three steps

　　本题中的话题涉及很多领域：主要分四大板块(心理学，生物学，商学和艺术)(see Figure 2)

　　Figure 2. Task 4 topics

　　今天我们主要来学习心理学题。心理学贯穿整个TPO全真模拟题库，命中率非常高(TPO1,2,3,4,6,7,12,13,14,15,19,21,22,23,30)。而且，根据图表Figure 3.，我们可以看到在日后大学学习中，市场营销学会包含心理学以及经济学，金融学;管理学会包括心理学;经济学会包括心理学和市场营销学。也就是说，不论今后选任何专业，都逃不掉心理学。这篇文章会把解题技巧和相关心理学知识有机地结合起来，做出详细阐述。

　　Figure 3. Importance of psychology

　　2.Task 4 解题技巧

　　首先，reading里最重要的工作是确定title的意思。那么这个Title 的定义究竟分哪几层意思，怎么找出完整的定义句呢?请看下文演示

　　请同学们尝试找出TPO13 Perceptual Constancy的定义句：

　　同学们一定不难发现，定义句就是“even as conditions change and we see objects differently, we still recognize that they remain the same”.这里，向大家介绍两项快速定位定义句原则：

　　a.与academic writing 类似，找到“this is known as”, “this is referred to as”, “this is called”, “people call this”, “people refer to this as”便可判断当下这句是解释说明标题的定义句。

　　b.定义句一般会在“标题重新在文章重新出现”的附近。

　　可是阅读部分的定义句只有这一层意思吗?如果我们读完全文，就会发现以下两个点：1.angle角度变化 2.distance 距离变化, 我们依旧可以识别这是同一物体。所以这两个点解释说明了定义句里的conditions change。所以，阅读材料一般会至少给出两层定义。

　　如何把阅读和听力的部分练习起来呢?(注意!托福官方指南强调很多学生第四题被扣分是因为阅读和听力材料没有紧密结合在一起)最理想的方式，就是将阅读部分的概念引入到听力的总结中去。在每一次讲完听力中的一个example的时候，都展示一下这个例子是如何证明阅读中相应概念的。

　　根据听力(文本请看附件)同学们不难找出教授列举的两个例子：kitchen plate and himself和阅读部分两个点angle和distance相互呼应来解释了perceptual constancy 这个概念。

　　所以在复述听力部分的时候穿插进以下两句总结：(穿插部分粗体字区域)

　　(angle)

　　So, even as the shape of the plate changes, we still can recognize it is the same object due to perceptual constancy.

　　(distance)

　　Again, although this professor seems to have different sizes when we viewed from different distances, we had no problem to recognize he is the same person, because of perceptual constancy.

　　利用第四题答题模版：

　　The reading passage introduces a definition/theory /principle _________，which means that / which suggests that / which is a_________. (15 sec)

　　In the lecture the professor uses (draws on /gives us /provides us/offers us two examples to explain/demonstrate, illustrate, clarify this definition/ theory) (5 sec)

　　The first example is / is called / about _______，________，_______. (20 sec)

　　The second example is / is called / about _______，_______，_______ . (20 sec)

　　完整的答案是：

　　The professor is talking about a psychological concept called perceptual constancy, which refers to the phenomenon that even as conditions change and we see objects differently, we still recognize that they remain the same. And he gives us two examples to illustrate this concept.

　　the professor gives us two example. In the first case, if you hold a kitchen plate in front of you, it will be a perfect circle. However, if you tilt it into a horizontal position, it becomes an oval. So, even as the shape of the plate changes, we still can recognize it is the same object due to perceptual constancy.

　　In the second example, if you sit in a front row in the classroom, the professor will look bigger.in contrast, if you sit in the back, he will look smaller. Again, although this professor seems to have different sizes when we viewed from different distances, we had no problem to recognize he is the same person, because of perceptual constancy.

　　3.Task 4巩固练习

　　同学们先找出TPO3 Cognitive Dissonance阅读部分的定义句：

　　相信很多同学已经发现标题的难度了，甚至两个单词的发音都不太清楚。这个时候不要慌张，先把title的缩写抄下来，再赶紧通读全文。因为还记得吗，我们刚说的，整篇文章都在解释这个标题，文章大概意思理解了，就等于阅读部分过关了。

　　首先，利用“两项定位定义句原则”，找到”known as cognitive dissonance”,确定定义句是：a kind of mental discomfort cased by contradictions between one’s actions and beliefs.

　　然后读完全文发现第二第三层的定义：people will not change their action; instead they often change their perspectives to reduce their mental discomfort.

　　现在，我们需要把阅读部分两层定义穿插进听力部分里。利用模版，完整的答案应该是：

　　Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort caused by the conflict between our actions and believes. The professor talks about his own experience in high school. He had a conflict between his video games addiction and his beliefs of finding a good job. He was worried about his future. However, like the reading suggested, professor did not give up his video games, instead, he changed his perspective.He used to think doing well in all subjects will gain him a better career, now he thinks only those subjects that direct link to his future jobs matters. Like the reading said, professor invented a new perspective to help him feel less guilty.

　　TASK 4附件

　　附件1.TPO13 Perceptual Constancy 听力文本：

　　Male: Let’s take an everyday example — an ordinary round plate like you’d find in a kitchen. If you hold the plate directly in front of your face and look at it, what shape do you see? A perfect circle, right? Suppose you tilt the plate to a different angle, to a horizontal position, like you are planning to put food in it. Still a perfect circle? No. The circle is now stretched out, becomes an oval. Do you conclude that the plate has actually changed shape, or that it’s a different object? Of course not. It looks different, but we perceive it as still being the same.

　　Here is a different example. This classroom we are in, it’s fairly large, right? Now, from up close, from the front row, I appear to be relatively big, bigger than if you were in the last row, right? But let’s say you are sitting in a front row today, but tomorrow you are sitting in a back row. From back there I’m going to look smaller, but you don’t think I’ve actually gotten smaller. You don’t think you are seeing a different professor, a guy who looks like me except he is smaller. No matter where you are, up close or far away, you understand without even thinking about it that I am the same size, the same person.

　　附件2. TPO 3 Cognitive Dissonance 听力文本

　　Professor (male) This is a true story from my own life. In my first year in high school, I was addicted to video games. I played them all the time and I wasn’t studying enough. I was failing Chemistry that was my hardest class. So this was a conflict for me because I wanted a good job when I grew up and I believed, I knew, that if you want a good career you gotta do well in school. But I just couldn't give up video games! I was completely torn.

　　And my solution was to change my perspective. See, the only class I was doing really badly in was Chemistry. In the others, I was OK. So I asked myself if I wanted to be a chemist when I grew up? And the fact is I didn't. I was pretty sure I wanted to be a sociologist. So I told myself my chemistry class didn't matter, because sociologists don’t really need to know chemistry. In other words, I changed my understanding of what it meant to do well in school. I reinterpreted my situation. I used to think that doing well in school meant doing well in all my classes. But now I decided that succeeding in school meant only doing well in the classes that related directly to my future career. I eliminated the conflict, at least in my mind.

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