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托福阅读优质练习素材：大众刊物中插画的变化

2017-09-27 15:29:04来源：网络

　　为了帮助考生更加熟悉托福阅读考试内容，在考试中有更加理想的发挥，下面新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福阅读优质练习素材：大众刊物中插画的变化一文，希望对大家备考冲刺有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!

　　内容回忆：

　　这篇文章讲一种大众刊物中插画随着技术发展的变化。文章主要围绕 1840 年这个时间点，介绍了美国一开始印刷技术发展，然后插图变得更像照片，举了一个船长的例子。 先是流行用木版画，后来早期摄影技术发展起来了，就开始用木版画做人像画。后面还讲了随着主流媒体的严肃化，这些插画越来越没有想象力和 humor。

　　The Birth of Photography

　　Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

　　Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.

　　A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.

　　The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.

　　One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were fascinated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail. They were also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their own efforts unnecessary.

本文关键字: 托福阅读优质练习素材 托福阅读素材

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