托福阅读如何打好基础（一）

　　对于很多学生来说，很多人花费了很多时间背单词，特别是听到有学生说“我有些时候需要花费 2 个小时才能背完 1 个 list 的托福词汇”或者是“为什么我之前背完单词，在文章里面的时候有突然想不起来呢?”

来源：成都新东方 黄华源

　　带着这样各式的问题，我们来一起解析对于托福阅读上的三大恶魔吧!

　　第一个恶魔：词汇!

　　在课堂上做题时候，当你提问学生词汇的意思时候，常常会看到他们一脸疑惑的表情。可是当你去了解他们背单词的所花费的时间，你又会因为他们所付出的巨大时间而刚到惊讶。虽然说学生花费了很多时间在词汇上，可是真正的效率非常低下。

　　传统词汇背诵的两大问题：

　　(1) 没有语境

　　在托福的阅读中，我们会见到一些简单的四级词汇，不过我们见到的更多的还是托福学术词汇和学科专业词汇。

　　学术性词汇比如：

　　Approach

　　Commercial

　　Range

　　conference

　　学科性词汇比如：

　　Cosmic

　　Celestial

　　Terrain

　　Mantle

　　特别是对于学科性词汇上，很多学生更是看完就忘，背完就说再见。

　　比如 precipitation 这一词汇，在新老托福的中都出现过：

　　老托福的文章：

　　The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.

　　这里面是 precipitation的动词形式;在新托福的文章中再次出现，而且也是反复出现：

　　托福文章：

　　TPO1.1 Groundwater 中：

　　Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

　　TPO 24.3 Moving into Pueblos

　　Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction.

　　除了阅读，还有听力中也出现了：

　　听力文段TPO24.C2 中：

　　Well, the hydrologic cycle. I remember we went over a diagram in class. And from what I remember, water changes back and forth from water in lakes and oceans to vapor, and then back to water again when it falls as rain or snow, as precipitation. It's constantly being recycled through evaporation and condensation.

　　那么 precipitation 的意思是什么呢?

　　在这里的话，表示的是降水。

　　所以只是死记硬背的话，肯定是无法很好地联系起来。如果是结合语境去理解，很多词汇其实是联系起来。比如我在课上通过拿 2 篇文章和课后作业，学生很快对于地下水文章中的常见词汇就能马上想起来。

　　(2) 对于词汇没有测试!

　　对于我们来说，在背单词上最重要的就是重复。最熟悉的就是艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，需要不断地重复来进行有效学习。对于学生来说，其实在复习后还可以多增加一个步骤就是测试。

　　词汇背诵完，学生最习惯的方式就是把单词书拿起来，再重头看一遍，觉得好像都记住了，然后就放回去了。或者是抱着单词书，再认真地抄写和盯着看半个小时。那么是否有更好的方法呢?有!那就是自测!不过自测的方式有很多种，会在后面细致讲解。

　　第二大恶魔：语法!

　　很多同学在初中和高中接受过很多的语法知识，甚至连句型方式都能倒背如流;不过对于很多学生来说，语法部分其实是没有那么牢固。所以很多时候会因为语法上的原因而读不懂句子。

　　对于语法部分来说，在托福阅读中最常见的就是后置定语和定语从句。

　　比如以下这个句子：

　　老托福中的句子：

　　The rate at whicha molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs.

　　学生经常会问：为什么这个地方要放 at 呢?The rate 不应该直接放 which吗?特别是在句子更加复杂的时候就会因为卡主而读不下去。在托福中，我们最常见的还有倒装句，状语从句等等。如果不消灭掉语法的障碍，很容易在考察的时候因为读不懂而卡主。

　　第三大恶魔：考题类型!

　　对于托福的考题来讲，如果不知道考试所考察的能力点和方向，往往会把自己搞得头晕脑胀，无从下手。

　　在托福的体系中，有些比较基础性的考题，考的就是词汇的识别，比如词汇题。还有一些考你基础的理解，比如事实信息题和否定事实信息题;还有一类是考你文章结构理解的，比如修辞目的题和句子插入题，如果搞不清楚，往往会被学生弄成事实信息题来理解，那样答案会千差万别。

　　当然还有大魔头，六选三，很多学生因为不清楚考试要求，同时还有时间比较紧，经常是在这种题型上瞎猜瞎选。

　　只有对于这以上的三种恶魔处理掉后，才能够有幸成为主角，杀敌到最后。

　　1.OG 上所要测试的学生能力点有什么?

　　攻克敌人之前，也就是托福考试之前，我们一定要想理解托福考试对于大家能力的要求是什么，以及考察的能力点有什么。

　　第一种题型：

　　词汇题：

　　A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle.

　　The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following?

　　A. drop

　　B. extend

　　C. melt

　　D. drift

　　想要稳定拿到考场的每篇 3 道题目，共 9 道;词汇方面是妥妥复习搞定;

　　2.句子简化题

　　Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir.

　　Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.

　　B. Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.

　　C. The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.

　　D. In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowly that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.

　　在这道题目里面，很难的就是语法点，这个复杂的部分到底是什么结构?

　　3.事实信息题

　　考察你的是细节点，可是如果没有看懂的话，读到细节无法真正理解到位。

　　比如下面这道题目：

　　Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different niches. Competing species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap. The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection”; however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.

　　According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?

　　A. It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other more effectively.

　　B. It results in the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species.

　　C. It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources.

　　D. It results in the competing species evolving to become so much like each other that competition between them eventually disappears.

　　以下就是本次分享的上半场，在下半场，我们会介绍如何具体进行精读方面的练习，以及如何通过自测来提升词汇背诵效果和词汇记忆。