托福口语材料：圣诞节的由来英文版

　　托福口语材料：圣诞节的由来介绍英文版

　　Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. No one knows the exact date of Christ's birth, but most Christians observe Christmas on December 25. On this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services. During the Christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and Christmas trees. The word Christmas comes from Cristes maesse, an early English phrase that means Mass of Christ. The story of Christmas comes chiefly from the Gospels of Saint Luke and Saint Matthew in the New Testament.

　　The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.

　　Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian celebration of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god-Marduk. Each year as winter arrived it was believed that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year. This was Zagmuk, the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.

　　The Persians and the Babylonians celebrated a similar festival called the Sacaea. Part of that celebration included the exchanging of places, the slaves would become the masters and the masters were to obey. The ancient Greeks held a festival similar to that of the Zagmuk/Sacaea festivals to assist their god Kronos who would battle the god Zeus and his Titans.

　　The Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries of "Jo Saturnalia!" the celebration would include masquerades in the streets, big festive meals, visiting friends, and the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky fruits). The Romans decked their halls with garlands of laurel and green trees lit with candles. Again the masters and slaves would exchange places.

　　"Jo Saturnalia!" was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the Christians thought it an abomination to honor the pagan god. The early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan Saturnalia.

　　Some legends claim that the Christian "Christmas" celebration was invented to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism was one of Christianity's main rivals at that time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights, and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of Christmas.

　　The exact day of the Christ child's birth has never been pinpointed. Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD. In 137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast. In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose December 25th as the observance of Christmas.

　　The birth of Jesus had a story: In Nazareth, a city of Galilee. The virgin's name was Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Spirit. Joseph her husband was minded to put her away secretly. While he thought about these things, Gabriel, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to take Mary as wife. And Mary will bring forth a Son, and he shall call his name, Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.

　　Before Jesus births, Joseph and Mary came to Quirnius was governing Syria. So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. Joseph also went up out of Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and of the lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child. So it was that while they were there, the days were completed for her to be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn Son, and wrapped him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.

　　And that, Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus, is on 25th, December every year. But nobody knows the actual birthday of Jesus. And the Christmas has become popular when Christmas cards appeared in 1846 and the concept of a jolly Santa Claus was first made popular in nineteenth Century.

　　The custom of giving gifts to relatives and friends on a special day in winter probably began in ancient Rome and northern Europe. In these regions, people gave each other small presents as part of their year-end celebrations.

　　In the 1800's, two more Christmas customs became popular--decorating Christmas trees and sending Christmas cards to relatives and friends. Many well-known Christmas carols, including Silent Night" and Hark! The Herald Angels Sing," were composed during this period. In the United States and other countries, Santa Claus replaced Saint Nicholas as the symbol of gift giving.

　　The word Xmas is sometimes used instead of Christmas. This tradition began in the early Christian church. In Greek, X is the first letter of Christ's name. It was frequently used as a holy symbol.

　　中文翻译：圣诞节的来历

　　“圣诞节”这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。耶诞节是一个宗教节。我们把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，因而又名耶诞节。这一天，世界所有的基督教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式。但是有很多圣诞节的欢庆活动和宗教并无半点关联。交换礼物，寄圣诞卡，这都使圣诞节成为一个普天同庆的日子。

　　圣诞节是基督教世界最大的节日。4世纪初，1月6日是罗马帝国东部各教会纪念耶稣降生和受洗的双重节日、称为“主显节”Epiphany，亦称“显现节”即上帝通过耶稣向世人显示自己。当时只有耶路撒冷的教会例外，那里只纪念耶稣的诞生而不纪念耶稣的受洗。

　　后来历史学家们在罗马基督徒习用的日历中发现公元 354年12月25日页内记录着：“基督降生在犹大的伯利恒。”经过研究，一般认为12月25日作为圣诞节可能开始于公元336年的罗马教会。12月25日原来是波斯太阳神(即光明之神)密特拉(Mithra)的诞辰，是一个异教徒节日，同时太阳神也是罗马国教众神之一。这一天又是罗马历书的冬至节，崇拜太阳神的异教徒都把这一天当作春天的希望，万物复苏的开始。可能由于这个原因，罗马教会才选择这一天作为圣诞节。这是教会初期力图把异教徒的风俗习惯基督教化的措施之一。后来，虽然大多数教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节，但又因为各地教会使用的历书不同，具体日期不能统一，于是就把12月24日到第二年的1月6日定为圣诞节节期(Christmas Tide)，各地教会可以根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节。

　　圣诞节的传说

　　12月25日的圣诞节，是庆祝基督教创始人耶稣基督生日的日子。基督教开始并无圣诞节，约在耶稣升天后百余年内才有的。据说：第一个圣诞节是在公元138年，由罗马主教圣克里门倡议举行。而史载第一个圣诞节则是在公元336年。由于《圣经》未明记耶稣生于何时，故世界各地的圣诞节日期各有不同。直到公元440年，才由罗马教廷确定12月25日为圣诞节。公元1607年，世界各地的教会领袖，在巴勒斯坦的西岸城市伯利恒(耶稣出生地)集会，进一步确认：12月25日为圣诞节。由于圣经记载耶稣生于夜间，故称12月24日夜为“圣诞夜”或“平安夜”。

　　据《圣经》记载：上帝决定让他的独生子耶稣投胎人间，想找个母亲，然后就在人间生活，以便把百姓从罪恶中救出来。“圣诞节”这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写，意思是“庆祝救世主降生”，庆祝圣母玛丽亚生下耶稣的时刻。关于耶稣的出生还有一段神奇的故事。耶酥是因着圣灵成孕，由犹太妇女玛丽亚所生的。上帝派遣使者加伯列在梦中晓谕约瑟，叫他不要因为玛丽亚未婚怀孕而不要她，反而要与她成亲，把那孩子起名为"耶酥"，意思是要他把百姓从罪恶中救出来。。就在玛丽亚快要临盆时，罗马皇帝亚古士督要作人口普查，所以玛丽亚和她的丈夫约瑟离开了他们在拿撒勒的家，回到了约瑟祖籍的伯利恒去注册。那时候，伯利恒的旅店都住满了，玛丽亚和她的丈夫只好在马棚里过夜。就在那里，玛丽亚生下了耶稣，把他放在马槽里。耶稣成年后，宣告自己是王，就是犹太人的弥赛亚。后来被自己的门客犹大出卖，最终让罗马总督彼拉多判钉死在十字架上。由于耶稣被处死在耶路撒冷，所以基督教度就将耶路撒冷看做成自己的圣城。基督徒相信他三天后会复活，所以就在复活节纪念耶稣的受难与复活。

　　耶稣的降生，对世人来说，是莫大的“好消息”，因为是神自己选择来到人间，做世人的替罪羊来拯救世人，使世人的灵魂得到永生超度，最后升入天堂。后人为纪念耶稣的诞生，便定十二月二十五日为圣诞节，年年望弥撒，纪念耶稣的降生。“圣诞节”这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。圣诞节是一个宗教节。我们把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，因而又名耶诞节。这一天，世界上所有的基督教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式。

　　圣诞树

　　据称，圣诞树最早出现在古罗马月中旬的农神节，德国传教士尼古斯在公元世纪用纵树供奉圣婴。随后，德国人把月日作为亚当和夏娃的节日，在家放上象征伊甸园的乐园树，上挂代表圣饼的小甜饼，象征赎罪;还点上蜡烛，象征基督。

　　到世纪，宗教改革者马丁。路德，为求得一个满天星斗的圣诞之夜，设计出在家中布置一颗装着蜡烛的圣诞树。不过，西方关于圣诞树的来历流行着另一种说法：有个善良的农民，在圣诞节那天，热情地招待了一名流浪的孩子，临别时，孩子折下一树枝插在地上。

　　树枝立即长成大树，孩子指着这树对农民说，每年今日，树上都长满礼物，以报答你们的盛情。所以，今天人们所见的圣诞树上总是挂满了小礼物。

　　12月25日的圣诞节是庆祝基督教创始人耶稣基督生日的日子，是美国最大、人们最喜爱的节日。

　　据基督教徒的圣书《圣经》说，上帝决定让他的独生子耶稣基督投生人间，找个母亲，然后就在人间生活，以便人们能更好地了解上帝、学习热爱上帝和更好地相互热爱。“圣诞节”的意思是“庆祝基督”，庆祝一个年轻的犹太妇女玛丽娅生下耶稣的时刻。

　　玛丽娅已和木匠约瑟夫订婚。可是，在他们同居之前，约瑟夫发现玛丽娅已怀孕。因为约瑟夫是个正派的人，又不想把这件事说出去让她丢脸，所以他想悄悄地和她分手。他正在考虑这事时，上帝的天使出现在他的梦中，对他说，“不要嘀咕了，把玛丽娅娶回家。她怀的孩子来自圣灵。她将生下个男孩子，你们给孩子起名叫耶稣，因为他将从罪恶中拯救人们。”

　　尽管耶稣的确切生日并不清楚，大约是在2000年前，但是日历按着假定日期把时间分为公元前(耶稣基督诞生前)和公元后(A. D. 是拉丁文缩写，意思是“有了我们主--耶稣的年代”)。在公元后的头三百年间，耶稣的生日是在不同的日子庆祝的。最后，在公元354年，教堂的领导人把 12月25日定为耶稣基督的生日。