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托福独立写作中的“金木水火土”

2016-04-20 17:32:28来源：天津新东方 蔡润光

　　2结构有条理(well-organized)

　　文章一定要结构清晰，不可东一榔头西一棒槌。独立写作既要有文章的 “整体脉络” ，每一段也要有清晰的脉络。就整体脉络来讲，一篇托福作文分为三个部分：开头(introduction);主体(body);结尾(conclusion)。开头要引入话题，阐明观点。主题要针对观点进行论证和支撑。结尾对主题观点和分论点进行呼应。就主体段来讲，每一个论点都要有一个论据;每一个论据都要有一个例子;每一个例子都要有一个细节。简言之，主体段要言之有理且言之有据。

　　例如，针对外貌是否重要这一话题，反对观点的一个主体段如下：

　　External appearances always lead to mistakes about a person‘s true character or abilities. (part 1) A plain-looking person can make great achievements. (part 2) Take Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest military leaders and statesmen in France, for example. (part 3) It is well known that Napoleon was very short. He was often laughed at by people around him for his small stature. However, after many years’ struggle, he finally became the Emperor of the French Empire and conquered larger parts of the Europe. (part 4)Napoleon is not a rare case. Actually innumerable famous historical figures were not good looking. Therefore we surely should not judge them by external appearance. (part 5)

　　Part 1是论点，part 2 是论据，part 3 是例子，part 4 是细节，part 5 是总结。因此，段落的结构也很清晰。恰如托福独立写作的要求：use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. 要求看似简单，实则指出来不可或缺的几部分：opinion, reasons, examples. 文章要有整体结构，段落也要有清晰的脉络。

　　3论点充分展开(well-developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and details)

　　主体段的展开有多种方法，如例证法、因果论证法，对比论证法。展开的模式为：提出分论点---阐释分论点----给出例子----分析例子----总结例子或者为：提出分论点---阐释分论点----说理分析(因果、对比) ----总结。

　　例如：题目：人们应该和有共同点的人共事还是与有差异性的人共事。

　　People sharing a similar or even same career could communicate with each other more easily, and thus they influence positively each others wider and deeper.(提出分论点) To illustrate, colleagues can cooperate more effectively if they can relate to each other very well. Students would feel happier if their friends understand them and communicate with them without any barrier. (阐释分论点) Watson and Crick, for instance, might illustrate this point clearly. (给出例子)Watson and Crick are both molecular biologists, and they are not only partners but also good friends. With their combination of imagination, intelligence, and hard-working, they eventually co-discovered the structure of the DNA molecule: the double helix. Then, of course, they got the Noble Prize for this significant contribution to the entire human race. But if they worked alone on this complicated and huge project, I believe, the prevailing gene engineering might be a no more than a daydream. (分析例子)In this sense, people make friends with similar career could work highly effectively. (总结例子)

　　以如上所示的方法展开主体段，主体段会层层递进，论证有效地得以展开。

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