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新东方名师教你托福阅读精读方法

2018-05-31 13:58:44来源:网络

  【词】

  persistent 持久的

  exploit 利用(…为自己谋利)

  intruding 入侵的

  intruder 入侵者

  herbivorous 食草的

  【段】

  本段以to return this favor为分界线,讲述两个意群。

  第1个意群:花为蚂蚁提供能量

  第2个意群:蚂蚁保护花

  小结:本段接着上一段内容具体阐述了蚂蚁和花之间的关系

  3

  第三段

  Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.

  【词】

  physiological 生理的

  whatsoever 任何

  hypothesis 假设

  dispute 争论

  skeptical 怀疑性的

  controversy 论战

  proof 证明

  confer 赋予

  absence 缺少

  perish 死亡

  relevant 有关的

  【句】

  That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.

  本句话的难点在于中间夹杂了一些次要信息。

  本句话中的主要逻辑为“and”连接的并列,前半部分的主要信息为“we now have an abundance of the proof”,后半部分的主要信息为观察与实验所证明的结论,即“ants benefit plants”。

  【段】

  要抓住“once”和 “now”这些表示时间先后的词语。

  第1句 生物学家们曾经认为花分泌蜜液是生理行为并且蚂蚁对花无任何好处。

  第2句 William对上面的观点提出反对

  第3句 William对“保护主义”观点进行论证支持

  第4句 我们现在进一步证明“保护主义”观点是正确的

  小结:本段主要进行的新旧观点的对比,更加支持作者的观点,即昆虫保护花。

  4

  第四段

  One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.

  【词】

  principal 主要的

  morning glory 牵牛花

  grasshopper 蝗虫

  pollination 授粉

  corolla 花冠

  stigma 柱头

  pollen 花粉

  germinate 发芽

  fertilize 使…受精

  caterpillar 毛虫

  seed beetle 甲壳虫

  ovary 子房

  burrow 钻孔

  【段】

  第1句 例子:蚂蚁保护牵牛花

  第2句 昆虫吃牵牛花的花或果实

  第3-5句 蝗虫通过吃花冠和柱头直接破坏花的授粉

  第6-7句 毛虫和甲壳虫通过吃子房直接破坏种子产出

  小结:本段举例说明昆虫是如何破坏植物的。

  5

  第五段第三页继续...

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