托福TPO阅读原文核心词汇

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　　托福单词记忆

　　Medieval 中世纪的

　　原文：In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). 在十六和十七世纪之交，欧洲经济保持着脱离中世纪(公元5世纪中至公元15世纪末)衰微的势头继续增长.

　　强化记忆：

　　He was able to pinpoint on the map the site of the medieval village. 他能在地图上准确找出那个中世纪村庄的位置。

　　In medieval times the church held sway over many countries. 在中世纪，教会支配着许多国家。(hole sway占统治地位：The beliefs which now hold sway may one day be rejected.现在占主导地位的许多看法有朝一日可能会被抛弃。)

　　Fen 沼泽

　　原文：During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). 在十六世纪的时候，农民们砍伐森林，开发湿地来扩大耕地面积。

　　强化记忆：

　　A pullet in the pen is worth a hundred in the fen. 栏中一只鸡胜过沼泽中百只鸡。

　　In that war, many soldiers died in that fen area. 那场战争中很多士兵死于那片沼泽地。

　　Cultivation种植;耕作;培养

　　原文：During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). 在十六世纪的时候，农民们砍伐森林，开发湿地来扩大耕地面积。

　　强化记忆：

　　The cultivation in good taste is our main objective. 培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。

　　The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation. 这块土地不够肥沃，不值得耕种。

　　Reclaim 回收;纠正;开垦

　　原文：the Dutch reclaimed more than 36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.单单是在1590年到1615年间，荷兰就开发利用了36000多英亩的土地。

　　强化记忆：

　　It is incumbent to me to reclaim him. 劝他改过是我义不容辞的义务。(incumbent有义务的)

　　You may be entitled to reclaim some of the tax you paid last year. 你或许有权要求退回去年你交付的部分税金。

　　Peasant农民

　　原文：Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. 这些乡镇大多地处农业相对发达的地区，在这儿，不仅农民得以生存，可用于投资的富余农产品也得以积累。

　　强化记忆：

　　His father is a peasant. 他的父亲是一位农民。

　　He was born of a peasant family. 他出生于一个农民家庭。

　　Ravage 破坏;掠夺

　　原文：In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. 在德国，由“三十年战争”所造成的破坏进一步促使纺织业向乡村迁移。

　　强化记忆：

　　The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them. 对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。

　　I will gain strange powers in this ravage. 我在毁灭中获得诡异的力量。

　　Supplement补充;附录

　　原文：Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income. 为了补贴本已经微薄的家庭收入，贫困潦倒的农民们通过在家纺织衣料或亚麻来换取少量的报酬。

　　强化记忆：

　　She got a part-time job to supplement the family income. 她找了一个兼职工作以补充家庭收入。

　　A supplement to this dictionary may be published next year. 该词典的补编或许将于明年出版。

　　Rye 黑麦

　　原文：English and Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. 英国和荷兰的商船从波罗的海各国带黑麦到西班牙和葡萄牙来卖。

　　强化记忆：

　　Rye has many advantages as a winter-sown crop. 黑麦作为冬季作物有许多特点。

　　Rye is not a common feed grain for poultry. 黑麦不是家禽所吃的常用谷物饲料。

　　Note 票据;期票;便条

　　原文：Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided credit. 始于中世纪意大利的汇票是一种可以和第三方进行交易的期票(其上注明在规定时间内支付特定数额的钱)。

　　强化记忆：

　　You should pay off the note before our next cooperation. 在我们下次合作之前，你应该把票据付清。

　　Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 看到没人在家，他决定留下一个便条。

　　Guilder荷兰盾(荷兰的货币)

　　原文：An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency.. 一位向马赛商人购买肥皂的阿姆斯特丹商人可以找到一位兑换人，然后付给那位兑换人等值的荷兰货币——荷兰盾。

　　强化记忆：

　　Jack, a local venture capitalist, loaned him 800 guilders in 1450. 杰克，一个当地的资本家，1450年贷给他800荷兰盾。

　　During the turmoil in the foreign-exchange markets the guilder remained stong. 荷兰盾在外汇交易市场的动荡中保持坚挺。

　　Joint-stock股份制

　　原文：Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships—an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). 不仅如此，投资，政府向银行家和商人的借贷以及一项英国的革新——股份制公司(第一家主要的股份制公司始于1600年)都增加了贷款的供应。

　　Joint-stock banks are now more than half of our customers. 现在股份制银行里一半以上是我们的客户。

　　强化记忆：

　　Minzheng had 374 outlets at the end of 2008, 300 fewer than China Merchants, the largest joint-stock bank. 到2008年底，民政有374家分行，比最大的合资银行招商银行少300家。

　　Infusion 灌输;注入

　　原文：The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. 由西班牙商船从美国带来的金银成为了促进国际贸易快速发展的资本注入。

　　强化记忆：

　　Infusion should be completed within six hours. 输液必须在六个小时内完成。

　　Old families need an infusion of new blood from tome to time. 古老的家族需要不时地注入新鲜血液。

　　Accumulation 聚集;积累

　　原文：Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. 这些乡镇大多地处农业相对发达的地区，在这儿，不仅农民得以生存，可用于投资的富余农产品也得以积累。

　　强化记忆：

　　Each of us is the accumulation of our memories. 我们每个人都是我们记忆的积累。

　　Her only interest was the accumulation of money. 她唯一的兴趣就是攒钱。

　　Scant 不足的;缺少的

　　原文：Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income. 为了补贴本已经微薄的家庭收入，贫困潦倒的农民们通过在家纺织衣料或亚麻来换取少量的报酬。

　　强化记忆：

　　I paid scant attention to what she was saying. 我没大注意她在说什么。

　　Many mothers pay scant attention to their own needs when their children are small. 孩子们小的时候，许多母亲都忽视自己的需求。

　　Surplus 过剩的;剩余的

　　原文：Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. 这些乡镇大多地处农业相对发达的地区，在这儿，不仅农民得以生存，可用于投资的富余农产品也得以积累。

　　强化记忆：

　　Every country has a lot of surplus labor. 每个国家都有大量的剩余劳动力。

　　Surplus wheat is put in storage and shipped abroad. 剩余的小麦被储存起来运到海外。

　　Remuneration 报酬;酬劳

　　原文：Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income. 为了补贴本已经微薄的家庭收入，贫困潦倒的农民们通过在家纺织衣料或亚麻来换取少量的报酬。

　　强化记忆：

　　He objected to receive any remuneration for his service. 他拒绝接受任何服务的酬劳。

　　The remuneration increases with the turnover. 报酬随营业额的增加而增加。

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