托福核心词汇：Types of Social Groups

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　　托福单词

　　Humanness人性

　　原文：Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. 我们的人性就产生于这种社会性的互动关系中。

　　强化记忆：

　　We abandon an essential feature of our humanness. 我们放弃了做人的基本品质。

　　You, have no any tenet, have no any humanness. 你没有任何的宗旨，没有任何人性。

　　Bound束缚;受约束的

　　原文：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。

　　强化记忆：

　　We are bound hand and foot by the contract, so we are unable to help you. 我们受到合同的约束而不能帮你。

　　Don’t be bound by expectations! 不要被他人期待所束缚。

　　Instrumental 仪器的;有帮助的

　　原文：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。

　　强化记忆：

　　He was instrumental in catching the criminal. 在捉拿那个罪犯的过程中，他起了作用。

　　It is an instrumental work. 这是一部可以用乐器演奏的作品。

　　Companionship 友谊;陪伴

　　原文：Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到的安全感，爱情，认可，友谊和个人价值等一系列情感。

　　强化记忆：

　　She feels the need of companionship. 她感到需要友谊。

　　A dog provides some companionship. 狗可以作伴。

　　Endow 捐赠

　　原文：More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. 更多的时候我们没有发展出任何更有意义的关系而只是简单的与其他人合作并走向终点。

　　强化记忆：

　　I can only endow 100 dollars at most. 我充其量只能捐助100美元。

　　He endowed the hospital with a large fortune. 他捐赠了一笔巨款给这家医院。

　　Gripe 发牢骚;抱怨

　　原文：People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人们在共同合作中会相互发牢骚，开玩笑，传八卦以及满足感，由此依旧发展出了亲近的关系。

　　强化记忆：

　　He likes to have a good gripe from time to time. 他时常爱发上一通牢骚。

　　He’s always griping about people at work. 他老是抱怨共事的人。

　　Gossip 闲聊;绯闻

　　原文：People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人们在共同合作中会相互发牢骚，开玩笑，传八卦以及满足感，由此依旧发展出了亲近的关系。

　　强化记忆：

　　I have no time to engage in gossip. 我无暇闲聊。

　　There has been much gossip in political circles. 政界里有许多流言蜚语。

　　Disperse 分散;传播

　　原文：We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. 当一个人身处并消失在一个巨大的群体里时，我们很难了解到他。

　　强化记忆：

　　The police dispersed the crowd. 警方驱散群众。

　　The wind dispersed the cloud from the sky. 风吹散了天上的云。

　　Proximity 接近;邻近

　　原文：Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. 与另一个人近距离的观察和交谈可以有更多的机会交流细微的感情与观念。

　　强化记忆：

　　Their house is in close proximity to ours. 他们的房子很接近我们的。

　　Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law. 法律规定禁止近亲结婚。

　　Interlocking 连锁的

　　原文：Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. 我们与其他人的纽带经常随着我们与其他人的互动而加深并演化为深层的相关联的习惯和兴趣。

　　强化记忆：

　　The Olympic symbol is the five interlocking rings. 奥林匹克的标志是五个相连的圆环。

　　The ecosystem can be redefined as interlocking life systems. 生态系统可以再定义为相互关联的生命系统的综合。

　　Fundamental 基本的;重要的

　　原文：Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. 主要群组是人与人之间乃至整个社会的基础。

　　强化记忆：

　　The fundamental things are also going on. 基础建设也在进行中。

　　In all cases the same fundamental principles apply. 但在任何情况下基本原理是相同的。

　　Oneness 统一性;单一性

　　原文：Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. 社会学家通过对主要群组的观察将其比喻为独立的个体与整个社会之间的桥梁，因为他能转换，能调节，能解释一个社会文化符号并且能够表达个体的感情并最终将二者合而为一。

　　强化记忆：

　　Cultural oneness is timeless and political oneness has time limits. 文化统一是没有时间性的，而政治统一却受时间的局限。

　　A sense of oneness with the natural world 与自然界的和谐感

　　Dispense 分配;分发

　　原文：Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. 这之中的成员调集并分配能够维持我们的生存的极其重要的资源。

　　强化记忆：

　　The Red Cross dispensed food and clothing to the victims. 红十字会分发食品和衣物给受害者。

　　We’d dispense with charity drives. 我们将不再进行慈善捐款活动。

　　Shun回避

　　原文：For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. 比如一些社会群组雇佣仲裁者(一种可以呆在群体中，但是却不能与群体成员互动的人)像一部机器一样的给那些习惯于超过这个群组所允许的范围行动的个体制定标准。

　　强化记忆：

　　His friends shunned him. 他的朋友都避开他。

　　He shunned meeting any of his friends. 他避免与他的任何朋友碰面。

　　Deviate 越轨;脱离

　　原文：Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. 如果不能分配无效，那么群组成员就会通过拒绝或是指控来摒弃那些背离组织标准的人。

　　强化记忆：

　　Don’t always deviate to minor issues. 不要老是偏离到次要问题上去。

　　You will not deviate from your present course. 你不能偏离目前航线。

　　Equip 装备;配备

　　原文：Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. 像这样的群组一般会产生于我们与我们的社会生活所需要的标准和价值观体系内。

　　强化记忆：

　　They can’t afford to equip their army. 他们无力装备自己的军队。

　　Could you help me equip the caravan? 你能帮我准备好这辆旅行车上的装备吗?

　　Sociologist 社会学家

　　原文：Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. 社会学家基于感情纽带与工具纽带的特征对两者进行了区分定义并划分出两种类型的群组：主要群组和次要群组。

　　强化记忆：

　　The sociologist has a habit of scratching his back. 那个社会学家有抓背的的习惯。

　　The sociologist maintained that a demotic society would lower the nation’s standards. 这个社会学家认为平民社会会降低国家的素质。

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