托福综合写作满分范文:森林灭火的效果

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托福综合写作试题

Writing Basedon Reading and Listening

Directions: For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.

Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.

Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.

You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listento the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.

Write your response in the space provided.

READING

Over the 20th Century, wilderness management has experienced remarkable advancement, partly owing to the effective practice of fire suppression. In most cases, aircrafts are used to monitor forests for small brushfires. Meanwhile, with the help of huge amounts of water and sophisticated chemical fire extinguishers, the spread of fires could be well prevented.

Factually, there are multiple purposes of reducing the destruction caused by forest fires. One of them is simply to improve the health of trees and make them live longer. For instance, in some parts of hickory and oak forest on the Eastern Seaboard, fire suppression has allowed the maturation of so many trees that the dense treetops form a gigantic canopy.

Besides, evidence of the healthful influence of fire suppression could also be found closer to the ground.When forest fires are restrained, vines and low bushes, which would have been burnt out, can flourish. In fact, fires do harmto plant life in another way that seems more indirect. Certain chemical tests on areas recently attacked by forest fires indicate that the overall amount of nutrients in the soil is decreased by burning. If fires are suppressed, such a decrease will be prevented so that ferns, wildflowers and herbs can grow without disturbance.

Finally, the fire-preventing measure also benefits wildlife. With its efficient implementation, a huge variety of animals in the western oak forest, ranging from small insects and birds to large deer and bears, are not killed by fires.As a result, their population can be tremendously enlarged. To illustrate, the total number of deer inhabiting here has increased notably.

LISTENING

Now play Track 7

Professor:

As forest fires were generally considered to be rather destructive, people responsible for wilderness management have made great efforts to put them under control. However,it turns out that instead of protesting the forests, fire suppression may produce negative impacts on them in the long run.

Let's begin with the light problems. We all know that the health of oaks can never do without the assimilation of enough sunlight. If some trees have become overly thick, little light will reach the forest floor. Yet young oaks badly need light in order to grow properly. It is due to the lack of light that new oaks aren't maturing fast enough to replace older ones. What's worse, other tree species that don't require so much light, such as maples, might be invading oak forests and competing for resource.

Additionally, competition problems exist closer to the ground as well. In the past, forest fires, both natural andartificial, used to burn off some of the ground-level plants before they grow into huge thickets. Without the disturbance of fires, now these plants may run wild over the forest floor. Needless to say, such a situation also means that it is exceptionally difficult for young trees and other native plants to live longer and stronger.

Next, we come to the increase in the number of deer.Although this partially results from the effective prevention of forest fires and partially from limitations on hunting, there is one thing that should not be neglected, that is, deer enjoy eating the leaves off oak saplings. Therefore, if an oak seedling does manage to get a good start, despite the lack of light and competitions from other plants, it is likely to be killed with its leaves being eaten by the deer.

Question

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they oppose specific points made in the reading passage.You must finish your answer in 20 minutes.

托福综合写作范文

This set of materials focus on the debate over the effects of fire suppression. The lecturer presents the contradictory idea that this measure may not be as beneficial as the writer conceives.

First, the passage stresses its effectiveness in making trees live better. Conversely, the speaker argues that the overgrowth of older trees will hinder enough sunlight from reaching young plants and interrupt their maturation. Therefore, instead of invigorating the forest, fire suppression will undermine the health of trees, which rebuts the writer's point.

Second, the passage owes the flourishing of lower height plants to fire elimination. In the author's opinion,without the damage of burning, nutrients in the soil will be better preserved. Nonetheless, such a conception is opposed by the professor, who believes that the abandoned growth of ground-level plants will disturb the growth of young trees due to intensified competition.

Third, as is asserted by the author, thanks to fire suppression, the population of animals inhabiting the forest

will rise. He moves on to underline the increased number of deer. But the lecturer demonstrates a different attitude with concrete evidence that more and more young saplings of oaks have been eaten by deer. This sad fact retorts the positive view in the passage.

(205 words)

参考译文

阅读与听力材料围绕森林灭火的效果展开辩论。演讲者认为，此项举措并非如作者设想的那么有益。

首先，文章强调，灭火行动使树木更好地生长。恰恰相反，演讲者则认为年老树木的过度繁茂会阻碍充足日光照射到年幼树苗，从而影响其发育。因此，灭火不会使森林充满生机，而会危害树木的健康，这反驳了作者的观点。

第二，文章将低矮植物的繁盛归功于灭火举措。在作者看来，由于没有了燃烧的破坏，土壤中的营养成分得到了更好的保持。但是，此观念遭到了教授的反驳，他认为，因为竞争加剧，近地面植物的无节制滋蔓会干扰小树苗的成长。

第三，据作者论述，灭火行动使居住在森林中的动物数量上升，他进而以鹿的数量增长为例。但是，演讲者持截然不同的态度，他表明，越来越多的橡树幼苗遭到了鹿的吞噬，这个悲哀的论据推翻了文章的积极观点。

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