托福综合写作满分范文:鸟类的三个理论

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托福综合写作试题

Writing Basedon Reading and Listening

Directions: For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.

Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.

Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.

You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listento the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.

Write your response in the space provided.

READING

How could birds fly back home over a long distance without getting lost? Such a mysterious subject has aroused attention from scientists around the world. So far three commonly accepted theories are available to answer this question.

The first theory has to do with the sun and the star. Birds are supposed to navigate by using them as compasses. In fact, birds possess the ability to sense time and locate the sun. For instance, if they head west at noon time, they would know that the sun must be on their left and that they are on the right track.As the constant fixture in the night sky, stars also give effective guidance. To illustrate, the change of star pattern instructs the birds that they must shift their direction. Apparently, the sun and the star can be of great help to the migration of birds.

Second, while flying lower, the birds could navigate through the observation of different landmarks. According to the discovery of scientists, when strong winds forced birds off their flight path along a river, they could redirect themselves with the help of that landmark. Additionally, during their journey, birds would deliberately avoid such dangerous areas as deserts. The topographical cues they often use may include rivers, mountain ranges, coastlines and even skyscrapers.

Another theory of birds' navigation lies in their sense of the magnetic field on earth. Researchers have noticed the existence of tiny iron oxide crystals in the skin lining of the upper beak of pigeons. This magnetic sensor enables pigeons to read the magnetic field and plot their flight route. In order to prove such a special ability of birds, scientists attached small magnets to the beaks of pigeons. Later they discovered that these magnets really interrupted these pigeons' sense of navigation. Then we may conclude that birds can find directions depending on the magneticcompass within their body.

LISTENING

Now play Track 8.

Professor:

Well, the three theories elaborated by the author appear to be reasonable in the abstract. However, on second thought, I doubt if they could fully explain how birds navigate over thousands of miles to return home.

First, the theory of the sun compass reveals an obvious flaw: if birds navigate by referring to the sun, what can they do at night? As is widely known, some bird species are capable of orienting themselves during night time.Therefore, this supposition is problematic. Speaking of the star-navigation theory, we must be aware that it is dubious as well. Actually only one kind of birds, Indigo Buntings, have been confirmed to navigate with the help of the stars. As for other species, no concrete evidence is available at present.

Second, undeniably, birds might take advantage of the landmarks to find directions. Nonetheless, this only happens on condition that they have flied along the same path before. If not, any torrential features would be helpless to them. However, it turns out that birds are able to find their way on the journey to a completely strange environment, which exposes a fault in the landmark theory.

Then we come to the idea of magnetic navigation. Common knowledge tells us that even if birds do have a magnetic senor in their body, they can only identify two directions on earth: the south and the north. Yet it is far from enough to lead a bird to its specific destination that may be located in a complex terrain. Under these circumstances, humans with advanced navigation devices might have difficulty reaching a location, but birds normally can do that with ease. Thus, the magnetic theory also seems unconvincing.

Question

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they oppose specific points made in the reading passage.

You must finish your answer in 20 minutes.

托福综合写作范文

The writer elaborates three theories about birds, attempting to solve the mystery how they navigate over a long distance. Nevertheless, the lecturer confutes the author's explanations and labels themas feeble.

First, the passage says that birds sense directions with the sun and the star. To prove the fragility of this theory, the speaker raises the point that they cannot navigate at night when the sun has set. As for the supposition about birds' following the star pattern, it is also retorted in the lecture because only one species is known to possess that ability.

The second theory describes birds' finding their way by using geographical marks. The lecturer argues that this assumption is only valid if they have covered the same route previously. Yet in most cases, birds could easily orient themselves on the initial voyage, which contradicts the viewheld by the writer.

Last, the passage infers that navigation of birds also relies on the magnetic senor in their body, whereas the lecture rebuts this theory by notifying that only two directions could be distinguished with the sensor. However, the target places birds can reach are normally situated in complex areas, and this further refutes what is expressed in the passage.

(203 words)

参考译文

作者详细阐述了有关鸟类的三个理论，试图解答它们如何实现长距离飞行。然而，演讲者反驳了作者的解释，他认为这些理论是很难成立的。

首先，文章说，鸟类利用太阳和星星识别方向。为了证明这个理论的薄弱，演讲者指出，它们无法在日落后的夜晚飞行。对于鸟类依照星斗变换模式飞行的设想，演讲同样进行了辩驳，因为只有一种鸟被确认拥有那种能力。

第二个理论描述了鸟类通过使用地理标志找到方向。演讲者表示，只有当它们以前飞越过相同的路线时这个假设才能成立，而大多数情况下，鸟类在首次飞行时就可以辨别方向，这与作者所持的观点相悖。

最后，根据文章的推断，鸟类的飞行还依赖其体内的磁场感应器官，而演讲反驳了此理论，因为磁场感应仅能识别两个方向。但是，鸟类能够飞抵的目的地通常位于复杂的区域，这进一步推翻了文章的论述。

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