托福阅读长难句解析：定语从句

2023-05-23 14:38:31来源：新东方

新东方在线托福整理了2023年托福阅读考试时间、题量、分数换算表以及托福阅读备考技巧等内容，今天带来的是托福阅读长难句解析：定语从句的相关内容，供大家参考！

什么是定语从句

定语从句在句中作定语，在很多情况下与形容词类似，在句中修饰一个名词、代词或句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词;引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词有两个作用：一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持一致。

关系词共9个，可按“1、3、5”的特点来记。

“1”是特殊的关系词as;

“3”是关系副词when, where, why;

“5”是关系代词who, whom,which, that, whose。

定语从句理解

理解定语从句的关键是找准先行词。

先行词的种类

可以是名词、短语或者是一个分句。

【例句】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

【译文】希腊人假定语言结构与思考的过程有联系，而且在很久之前人们还没有明白如何区分语言是什么时，这种观点就已经在欧洲扎根。

【分析】本句的先行词是逗号之前的一句话。

先行词的位置

1. 正常的情况：

【例句】Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

【译文】行为主义者建议，儿童应该在一个能发展他们对刺激做出适当反应的能力的环境下成长，这样对智力发展很有好处。

【分析】该句的主语为Behaviorists，谓语为suggest，宾语为一个从句，因此整个句子为Behaviorists suggest that-clause结构。

该句共有5个谓语结构，它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are,develop, experience，这五个谓语结构之间的关系为：Behaviorists suggest that-clause结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中，主语为child，谓语为experience，宾语为greater intellectual development。

2. 分隔的几种情形：

情况1：先行词+其他定语+定语从句

【例句】Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions.

【译文】埃克曼和他的同事们最近在一个关于10种文化的调查中获得了相似的结果，(在这个调查中)参与者们被允许报告(各种各样的情绪是由面部表情表现出来的)。

情况2：先行词+状语+定语从句

【例句】In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people frst discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

【译文】为了使建筑结构达到大小和强度的要求以实现必要的建筑目的，建筑学上采用一些支撑的方法，因为这些方法都是以物理定律为基础的，所以尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，这些支撑的方法却自人们发现它们以来就鲜有变化。

情况3：先行词+谓语部分+定语从句

【例句】Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.

【译文】虽然现存的那些关于各种不同种类器物的抒情性质的长篇描述可以帮助(我们)对壶壶罐罐进行分类，然而它们有时候会把已经很庞大复杂的类别体系弄混。