托福综合写作优秀作文练习题：恒温动物恐龙

　　托福综合写作阅读观点抽出方法：

　　这篇文章的观点抽取上难度不是很大，但是问题的关键是要看到这个论证的逻辑链，而找到的逻辑链有助于我们在听力的时候快速精准地提取有用信息。

　　分论点一的逻辑是：只有恒温动物能适应极地的寒冷气候，而恐龙能适应，所以恐龙是恒温动物。这个只有让这个逻辑关系合格，所以只能翻过极地的状态和恐龙的状态了，

　　分论点二的逻辑是：是什么?是“所有现代恒温动物的腿都是长在身体下部的，而恐龙的腿也具有同样的特点”吗?不是的，腿长在身体下部是恒温动物的“必要不充分条件”。段内的逻辑是这样的：腿长在身体下部à可以快跑à可以持续剧烈运动à是恒温动物。然后呢?把恐龙带进去。哪个地方是有可能反驳的呢?听力部分一定是要打碎这个逻辑链。

　　分论点三的逻辑是：有哈弗森管à可以保护血管和神经à可以快速生长à恒温动物。而恐龙恰好有恒温动物。反驳的时候一定也是打碎逻辑链啦。

　　这种科学类的题目，很多都是建立在推测的基础上的，所以推理论证就是最常用的方式啦。因为，反驳的时候也一定用打碎逻辑链的方式。

　　听力材料：

　　Many scientists have problems with thearguments you read in the passage. They don’t think those arguments prove thatdinosaurs were endotherms.

　　很多科学家对你们刚刚听到的文章持有不同意见。他么认为这些理由不能支持恐龙是恒温动物。

　　Take the polar dinosaur argument. Whendinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions, where dinosaur fossils have beenfound, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animalsthat were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regionswere cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas orhibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils inPolar Regions doesn’t prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.

　　先说一下极地恐龙的观点。当恐龙存在的时候，极地，也就是这些发现化石的地方比现在要暖和很多。而且当极地很冷的几个月里，这些极地恐龙会迁徙到暖和的地方或者像现在爬行动物一样选择冬眠。所以，在极地发现恐龙化石不能证明恐龙是恒温动物。

　　Well, what about the fact those dinosaurshave their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles.That doesn’t necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built forrunning. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This bodystructure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurscan grow to a very large size.

　　Being large had advantages for dinosaurs,so we don’t need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaursevolved to have their legs under their bodies.

　　那么，恐龙的腿在身体下方而不是两侧是怎么回事呢?这个是不足以证明恐龙是可以进行奔跑类剧烈运动的恒温动物。腿生长在身体下部对于恐龙是别有的意义的。这样的结构可以支撑更多的重量。所以腿长在身体下部可以让恐龙长到非常大。对于恐龙来说，巨大的重量是非常有意义的，所以没有比用要用恒温动物和奔跑来解释为什么恐龙进化出这样的身体结构的。Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do haveHaversian canals, and that is true.

　　The dinosaur bones also have growth rings.Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when thedinosaurs weren’t rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaursstopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern ofperiodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth,and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are notendotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round astrue endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.

　　恩，那么骨结构呢?很多恐龙确实有哈弗森管，这是事实不能否认。但是与此同时，恐龙还有生长环。生长环上比较厚的环节说明当时恐龙生长的缓慢。因此，生长环证明了恐龙在冷的时候生长缓慢甚至停止生长。这是一种周期性生长：一段时间不生长或者生长缓慢，然后接着快速生长。拥有这样生长方式的动物不是恒温动物。真正的恒温动物可以一年四季保持恒定的体温，因此可以在天气很冷的情况下快速生长。

　　托福综合写作听力笔记内容：

　　Main point：don’t

　　Sub point one: warmer, migrated,hibernated

　　Sub point two: doesn’t necessarily, forrunning, more weight, advantages

　　Sub point three: Haversian canals, growthring, slowly or stop V.S. rapid, periodic

　　这些词都听到了吗，都记下来了吗?如果都听到了，把他们带回到之前阅读部分总结的逻辑链，就可以告诉ETS是如何反驳的了，这样就能完成ETS要求的要体现阅读和听力部分的关系了。

　　托福综合写作范文(仅供参考)：

　　下面这篇作文是针对TPO第四套的综合写作(关于恐龙是否是恒温动物)写的，虽然有一些小错误，但ETS评分为满分。

　　Sample Response

　　The professor actually contradicts thestatements made in the passage. She is of the view that dinosaurs are notendotherms i.e. they were not able to keep their body temperature at a constantrate. The professor contradicts the issue of dinosaurs being endothers based onthe availability of fossils being available in thwe polar regions, she say thatthe polar regions in those days were not as cold as they are today i.e at leastwarm enough for dinosaurs to live. During harsh winters she says that there isa possibility of the dinosaurs actually migrating to warmer regions. The issueof leg position and movement being used as a reason to classify the dinosaursas endotherms does not please the professor either. She says that dinosaurs hadlegs under their bodies to support their huge bodies i.e the legs under thebody of the dinosaur were actually to support the huge weight of the dinosaurand not to provide it with a body structure like endotherms(which is actuallysuited for running).

　　The professor acknowledges the presence ofhaversian canals but also points out that that the fossils show the presence ofgrowth rings. These rings occur due to the thickening of the bone. Thethickening indicates that the dinosaurs were’nt actually growing continuouslybut were experiencing periods of rapid growth and periods of no growth insuccesion. This pattern. she says is characteristic of non-endothermicaanimals.

　　Thus it can be inferred that the professorchallenges the passage by giving reasons as to why she thinks that the dinosauris not an endotherm.

　　Description of Response:

　　Despite initial appearances, this responselargely succeeds in clearly and accurately presenting how the lecture points takeissue with the points in the reading passage that dinosaurs were endotherms.The first point regarding dinosaurs in polar regions could be a bit clearer.Otherwise, the response mainly suffers from typographical errors, but these arenot regarded as major problems; it is obvious that the writer has good controlof structure and vocabulary and the ability to use these to convey in anorganized and logical manner what has been understood and asked.