托福阅读：城市气候

　　P3: The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing long wave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

　　contribute to 促成

　　capacity n. 容量，能力

　　constitute v. 构成，设立

　　dominate v. 支配，控制

　　prevent…from 阻止做

　　Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing long wave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

　　来自太阳的短波辐射比长波辐射要更容易穿过污染层;后者被这层物质中的气体污染物所吸收，然后重新辐射到城市的表层。

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　　The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.

　　The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.

　　The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing long wave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

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　　测试篇

　　P1城市气候基本情况介绍：

　　城市是一个_____和_____的巨大处理器，拥有自己的_____。

　　P2城市的产热情况：

　　冬天城市所产生的热量可以达到或超过_____。

　　P3造成城市热量集中的因素：

　　两个主要因素造成城市热量集中，

　　1 _________________________________________

　　2 _________________________________________

　　Answers

　　P1: Mass,Energy, metabolism

　　P2: the amount of heat available from the Sun

　　P3: the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways……

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