托福阅读推理题型必备套路

　　3. 从属推理

　　最后来讲一讲比较罕见、也较难的逻辑：从属推理。先来举个栗子：

　　新东方的同学们都非常好学。比如小明，他虽然有学校的课业压力，但丝毫不放松托福的学习，不仅能很快完成作业，还能主动提问、积累词汇，最后取得了很好的托福成绩。

　　根据小明我们能推断出什么?

　　A.小明在托福学习上比学校课业上花更多的时间

　　B.小明的词汇量比较差

　　C.小明是新东方的学生

　　D.小明的交作业交得最早

　　这道题很容易，选C，其他选项都是依据不足，过度推断。C这种逻辑我们就叫它“从属推理”。有点像亚里士多德的三段论，但我们更强调观点和例子之间的从属关系。例子能够满足观点的条件。

　　这张图的右边部分就是一个完整的论证机构。严格来讲，要定位一个选项，应当定位到完整的论证结构，而不是单纯的例子部分。就拿上题来说，如果只定位到小明个人的部分，就会遗漏观点句中的依据。前方高能，难题两道：

　　Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

　　A. They become less stable as they mature.

　　B. They support many species when they reach climax.

　　C. They are found in temperate zones.

　　D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

　　掌握了从属推理之后，定位出来的区间就不是从“Once a redwood forest...”开始，而是要包含上面的观点句：”At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.”妥妥的选C。但是这道题要排除A、B、D却并不是那么容易，因为涉及到maturity, diversity 和stability三个变量。我们根据原文意思来画个示意图：

　　有没有感觉到A、B、D都是要欺骗感情的呢?所以这道题，应该坚决果断地选C，这样就能争取时间。

　　最后再来一道难题：

　　After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

　　Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul was

　　A. improved quality of utilitarian items

　　B. Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythology

　　C. higher social standing

　　D. Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit

　　定位区间：从观点句“We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available”开始，直到”red-gloss pottery”具体的例子展开部分。答案C来自观点句，强调日用品和社会地位之间的关系。你做对了吗?

　　总结一下，今天我们研究了推断题中的“题干定位型”，即用题干中的关键信息可以确定定位空间的题。

　　分析了反向推理、时间推理和从属推理这三个逻辑。是不是已经可以拿下这一半的推断题了呢?下次有机会我们再展开“选项定位型”即无法用题干信息定位的推断题。

　　以上就是新东方在线托福网为你带来的托福阅读推理题型必备套路，更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线托福网（http://toefl.koolearn.com）。