托福阅读题目解析：个人独处和在群体中的表现

11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○ Social loafing does not occur when participants in the group believe that evaluating individual performance will improve the group's performance.

　　○ The loafing effect is eliminated if the members of the group accept the standard by which their performance and that of the group is evaluated.

　　○ Social loafing tends to disappear if the members of the group believe that their or the group's performance may be evaluated.

　　○ Researchers have found that when group members receive monitoring and evaluation of their performance, their performance improves.

　　C Harkins and Jackson发现社会懒惰消失了，当团队中的参与者相信每个人的表现会被监督和评价的时候;事实上，即便团队表现的评价与一些标准相反，都足以消除社会懒惰。逻辑关系 even条件A选项是否逻辑排除;B选项内容错误：社会懒惰被消除，如果团队成员接受他们展现的标准，接受标准错误;D选项缺失内容

　　12. According to paragraph 6, which of the following has NOT been shown to decrease social loafing

　　○ Participants know that fellow group members are willing, reliable, and competent.

　　○ The group's task is seen as a challenge.

　　○ Group members know and like each other.

　　○ Participants know that their group is being judged on its performance.

　　A 并列关系

　　Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated; indeed, even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect. n When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important, some members will even expend extra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling, unreliable, or incompetent to perform well. nMoreover, social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.nIt is also unlikely when participantsfeel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates. Some 80 experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures. Based on evidence these studies have produced, social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.n

　　13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　However, it appears to be most common in individualistic Western cultures such as that of the United States.

　　Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

　　D 根据however，以及对应moreover;it is also 链接前后只能选最后一个选项

　　14.【Directions】An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.

　　●A Robert Zajonc：performance在简单任务中提升，在困难任务中下降

　　●D Bibb Latan “social loafing”社会懒惰：人们协作而不是竞争的时候会产生社会懒惰，不表扬好的，不责怪坏的。

　　●E Harkins and Jackson “social loafing”社会懒惰消失，当团队中会被监管和评价的时候

　　Answer Choices

　　○ When people are present, the performance of individuals generally improves on tasks they already do well but worsens on tasks they generally do poorly.

　　○ Studies show that bicycle racers pedal faster when they are competing against other racers, but children wind fishing reels slower when in the presence of others than when alone. 细节之间的比较是细节

　　○ People's performance on a task is more affected by the presence of others when those others are engaged in the same task than when the others are passive spectators. 对象区分是细节

　　○ When people work together on a common task but no one's contribution is measured, there is a tendency for individuals to work less hard than if they were working alone.

　　○ Social loafing decreases under certain conditions, such as when the performance of the group or its members is evaluated or when a positive outcome matters to the participants.

　　○ While social loafing occurs in almost all groups across cultures, the extent to which it occurs in any particular group depends on the individual personalities of the group's members. 对象区分是细节

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