托福阅读难点长难句解析

　　4. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability. decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.”

　　(同位语从句 evidence that...)

　　尽管领袖常被人认为是个人能力非比寻常的人，但是数十年的研究迄今未能提供一致的证据表明存在任何“天然领袖”类型。

　　分句 1: Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability

　　分句 2: decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence

　　分句 3: that there is any category of “natural leaders.”

　　1 和 2 并列 ，2 和 3 嵌套

　　5. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leader ship roles that are held by different individuals.

　　(复合句)

　　而且，尽管一般人认为社会团体只有一位领袖，但是研究表明通常存在由不同个体担任的两个不同的领导角色。

　　分句 1: Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader

　　分句 2: research suggests

　　分句 3: that there are typically two different leader ship roles that are held by different individuals.

　　1 和 2 并列 ，2 和 3 嵌套

　　6. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.

　　(特殊结构 less...than...——较少...较多...)

　　善于表达的领袖较少注重团体的整体目标，较多注重为团体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部纷争和冲突。

　　分句 1: Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group

　　分句 2: than with providing emotional support to group members

　　分句 3: and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them

　　1 和 2、3 并列， 2 和 3 并列

　　7.Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple—step tasks is accomplished in a series—parallel sequence.

　　(倒装句)

　　同样重要的是一个事实：多步任务是按照系列—平行序列完成的。

　　分句 1: Equally important is the fact

　　分句 2: that the execution of multiple — step tasks is accomplished in a series — parallel sequence

　　1 和 2 嵌套

　　8. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

　　(Of 结构作定语: of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs...)

　　但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。

　　分句 1: But these factors do not account for the interesting question

　　分句 2: of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth

　　分句 1 是嵌套分句，分句 2 是 of 结构作后置定语修饰说明 question 的内容。

　　9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the key board group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.

　　(同位语 a supremacy)

　　17 世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到 18 世纪末被钢琴所取代。

　　分句 1: In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the key board group,

　　分句 2: a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century

　　分句 2 是分句 1 的同位语从句，用来修饰说明分句 1 中的 the chief instruments of the keyboard group

　　10. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

　　(介词结构 from...to...作定语)

　　持续到19 世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳性能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器 —— 这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

　　分句 1: A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century

　　分句 2: including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it

　　分句 3: the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality

　　分句 4: finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects

　　分句 5: from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound

　　分句 6: from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance

　　本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即 A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;

　　分句2和分句3并列修饰，说明分句1中的 A series of mechanical improvements;

　　而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的 an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.

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