托福阅读题目练习：实用艺术和纯艺术

　　3. The word they in the passage refers to

　　○Applied-art objects

　　○The laws of physics

　　○Containers

　　○The sides of pots

　　4. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.

　　○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by thelaws of physics.

　　○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.

　　○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisionscannot have determined their general form.

　　○The general form of applied-

　　art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is notdetermined by the laws of physics.

　　Paragraph 2: Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker ofapplied-

　　art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-

　　artobjects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-

　　artobjects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-

　　art objectsare. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of thematerials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires anunderstanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must haverigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, ordiscolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend tointrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. Thiswas done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ballthere. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that thecannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internalstructure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).

　　5. According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs inbronze statues of horses because

　　○They began using a material that made the statues weigh less

　　○They found a way to strengthen the statues internally

　　○The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time

　　○The cannonballs added too much weight to the statues

　　6. Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the earlyItalian Renaissance?

　　○To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that a fine artist mustovercome

　　○To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics

　　○To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to thelaws of physics

　　○To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology

　　7. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Completethe summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas inthe passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas thatare not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-artobjects.

　　Answer Choices

　　○Applied-art objects fulfill functions, such as containing or sheltering, and objects with thesame function have similar characteristics because they are constrained by their purpose.

　　○It is easy to recognize that Shang Dynasty vases are different from Inca vases.

　　○Fine-art objects are not functional, so they are limited only by the properties of thematerials used.

　　○Renaissance sculptors learned to use iron braces to strengthen the internal structures ofbronze statues.

　　○In the twentieth century, fine artists and applied artists became more similar to one another intheir attitudes toward their materials.

　　○In all periods, fine artists tend to challenge the physical limitations of their materials whileapplied artists tend to cooperate with the physical properties of their materials.

　　8. Directions: Complete the table below to summarize information about the two types of artdiscussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the types of art with whichthey are associated. This question is worth 3 points.

　　TYPES OF ART STATEMENTS

　　Statements

　　○An object's purpose is primarily aesthetic.

　　○Objects serve a functional purpose.

　　○The incidental details of objects do not vary.

　　○Artists work to overcome the limitations of their materials.

　　○The basic form of objects varies little across cultures.

　　○Artists work in concert with their materials.

　　○An object's place of origin is difficult to determine.

　　Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click onView Text

　　参考答案

　　3. ○1

　　4. ○1

　　5. ○2

　　6. ○1

　　7. ○ 1 3 6

　　8. ○ 2 5 6 1 4

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