托福TPO19阅读部分“难”度大揭密

　　Paragraph 3： This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members， and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that；the government left repudiate surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading working people to govern themselves， much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi- egalitarian organizations for fellowship， worship， and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment， individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality， following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.

　　4. The author includes the information that

　　in order to(这是标准 的in order to 题型。这种题很好做，你一般只要搞清楚highlight句子加上其前后这三句话

　　间的逻辑关系就一定能把题作对。)

　　○support the claim that the mode of production made possible by the craft guilds w very good for trade。(没有提及的概念)

　　○contrast the economic base of the city government with that of the tribal confederacies(原文没有出现的无端比较)

　　○provide a reason why the government allowed the guilds to be self-controlled( 原 文self-governing的精确改写替换)

　　○suggest that the government was missing out on a valuable opportunity to tax the guilds (没有提及的概念)

　　5. According to paragraph 3， all of the following are true of the Middle Eastern craft guilds EXCEPT：(这种题目运用之前的方法即可，会原文定位。原文明确没有提及到的 概念的就是正确选项了)

　　○The guilds were created to support workers and to uphold principles of high-quay craft production. (high-quality是 maintenance of professional standards的改写；

　　support workers是原文provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members 的改写。)

　　○Each guild was very large and included members from a broad geographic area.(没 有提及过的概念，所以这就是正确选项了)

　　consensus

　　surplus was not a result of domestic

　　craft production but resulted primarily from international trading

　　○The leaders of the guilds were chosen by popular vote.( 来自于原文following their own popularly elected leaders的改写)

　　○All guild members were treated as equals.( egalitarian 这个词就是倡导平等主义 者的意思。我在这里又不能不说说ETS了，ETS整出这个词来考大家确实有点过分。 这个词也是GRE词汇。托福考生如果不认识也不能是他们的错。这个词确实有点偏 颇)

　　6. The word in the passage is closest in meaning to ○Authority

　　○Responsibility ○Custom

　　○Agreement (general agreement)

　　Paragraph 4： The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic， calculating， risk taking， and adaptive to circumstances.

　　Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority， favoring instead an egalitarian

　　of the open market， where steady hard work， the loyalty of one's fellows， and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference. And， like the pastoralists， Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappy with their environment could simply pack up and leave for greener pastures—an act of self-

　　assertion wholly impossible in most other civilizations throughout history.

　　7. According to paragraph 4， which of the following was NOT necessary for success in the mercantile economy？(以这部分带入原文即可，但是正确答案是对其内容取反)

　　○Good business sense

　　consensus

　　As among tribes people，

　　personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a

　　mercantile economy with little regulation， where one's word is one's bond and where

　　informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network.

　　ethic

　　○Reliable associates

　　○Family wealth( aristocratic professions of moral superiority)关键在于理解 aristocratic这个词的意思。这个词的意思是：贵族财阀的，也就是今天的家族企业。 看看原文这句话： Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority， favoring instead an egalitarian

　　of the open market， where steady hard work， the loyalty of one's fellows， and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference. 这句话的核心思想就是在说平等主义， 反对独裁。所以C为正确选项。各位再次看到了吧，ETS的出题点又是在这种“变 态”的句子中。再次印证了我之前一再说过的托福阅读考人的本质能力：词汇和长难 句。

　　○Constant effort

　　8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(这种题的做题法则我在前面 已经提及，第一要看句子逻辑是否符合原文句子逻辑，第二要看意思是否吻合原文 对应的句子)

　　○Tribes people were comfortable (原文没有这个词意的体现)forming personal relationships with merchants， who， like them， were bound by their promises to one another.

　　○Because trade was not formally regulated， merchants were careful about whom they trusted and often conducted business with people they knew personally. (

　　)weighing of character的意思 是：性格(人性)的综合评估(权衡)。注意后面的with little regulation。这句话的 意思是说人际关系和人性评估在没有一定规则背景存在下，因此就非常的重要。你再 看看这个选项说的是不是这个意思呢？ was not formally regulated 被改写成：little regulation； they trusted and often conducted business with people they knew

　　personally被改写成：

　　ethic

　　personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been

　　crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation，

　　personal relationships and a careful weighing of character

　　○While trade among merchants relied somewhat on regulation，(与原文意思相反) among tribes people trade was based on personal relationships and careful character evaluation.

　　○Because tribes people were bound only by (太过绝对化的词汇，不符合正确选项 客观，高度概括抽象的制定原则)their promises to one another， personal relationships were formed only after careful weighing of character.