2014年12月13日托福考试听力真题解析

group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari.

　　Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music and impressionist literature.

　　现实主义(Realism)，又称“写实主义”，认为在人类的认知中，我们对物体的理解与感知，与物体独立于我们心灵之外的实际存在是一致的。一般定义为关于现实和实际而排斥理想主义。不过，现实主义在博雅人文范畴中可以有很多意思(特别是绘画、文学和哲学里)。它还可以用于国际关系。

　　在艺术上指对自然或当代生活做准确、详尽和不加修饰的描述。现实主义摒弃理想化的想像，而主张细密观察事物的外表，依据这个说法，广义的写实主义便包含了不同文明中的许多艺术思潮。在视觉艺术和文学里，现实主义是一个19世纪的一场运动，起源于法国。

　　Realism (or naturalism) in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

　　Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of life forms, perspective, and the details of light and colour. Realist works of art may emphasize the ugly or sordid, such as works of social realism, regionalism, or Kitchen sink realism.

　　There have been various realism movements in the arts, such as the opera style of verismo, literary realism, theatrical realism and Italian neorealist cinema. The realism art movement in painting began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution.[1] The realist painters rejected Romanticism, which had come to dominate French literature and art, with roots in the late 18th century.

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