ETS官方托福样题听力部分：经济学讲座

　　【ETS托福听力样题：a lecture经济学讲座】ETS官方托福听力样题对托福备考阶段的考生具有非常重要的参考价值。通过样题可以迅速了解ETS的出题风格，和考试类型思路。

　　Narrator

　　Listen to part of a lecture in a business class.

　　Professor

　　OK, uh let’s um, let’s start. Uh, tonight we’re gonna talk about one approach to structuring decision-making on a specific topic, sort of um…oh when you’re in a decision-making process in a business situation, and you’ve got all the participants there sort of voicing opinions and negotiating, and there are lots of different factors to consider in your decision…uh, the technique we’re gonna talk about is uh, it’s a way to sort of structure that decision and arrive at a better decision. It’s called AHP, or Analytic, um, Analytic Hierarchy Process.

　　Now, the first step is to develop, a hierarchy by breaking the problem down into its components, and then prioritizing the components, as you’ll see.

　　Now there’s some AHP software out there that lets you do the math, but I’m not gonna get into that level of detail now. The important thing that I want to talk about is not the mathematics of it so much as the concept.

　　I, I want you to understand the logic behind Analytic Hierarchy Process and the basic approach.

　　OK…so uh, let’s say, if I was trying to buy a house, a house is actually a pretty good example. It’s not a good example for a business class, necessarily, but it’ll certainly do for today.

　　You, you start with your main goal. An’ then you break it down into smaller parts. All right…so uh, taking our example of, of buying a house…I would have to determine the goal for the house-hunting effort, uh choose the house that would be uh,…most, well, the best fit for my family. What would be your goal in trying to find a house? Well, uh let’s just say, make the best choice in, in buying a new house. Now, now that’s the goal.

　　So now that you’ve established a goal, you establish your criteria. And um, under criteria I would list for me what were the important factors that will influence the decision. And…they would be things like uh, like the cost. And, uh what else? Uh, location. Location, I think, would typically be one in most of our models, and maybe one more. How about floor plan?—The layout of the rooms. So, so we have cost, location, floor plan…those might be our key criteria for choosing a house.

　　Then you get down to the subcriteria under each of these three criteria. So, so let’s say, under floor plan, the subcriteria are, you want a big kitchen, 3 bedrooms, a basement. And after you’ve determined all the criteria and subcriteria, um then you go back and you start making pairwise comparisons between them…uh, judgments about two of these things at a time.

　　Of the houses you’re considering, uh, is cost more important than location or, say, one has a big kitchen but only two bedrooms. Is that OK?

　　You move through the hierarchy making judgments about 1 pair of choices at a time. You see, it, it it’s designed to reflect the way people actually think…humans are much more,…capable of making relative rather than absolute judgments. Basically, we’ve reduced a rather complex decision into a series of one-on-one comparisons.

　　Um, so what AHP does is it requires me to develop a schematic model of what I’m looking for. So, so, right off the bat I have to articulate and think about and identify these factors, these criteria.

　　And when I start comparing the criteria, these factors, um, it enables me to come up with the relative importance of each factor at a given level in the model. So, in other words, what the model does is it helps us set our priorities, and it forces us to make our priorities explicit. It, it not, not only helps make the best decision, we’re also a lot clearer on why we made the decision. And understanding why we made the decision makes it easier to convince the boss or the shareholders that it’s a good decision.

　　1. What is the talk mainly about?

　　A comparison of two approaches to decision-making

　　A formula for evaluating business plans

　　A process for improving decision-making

　　A method for gaining consensus within groups

　　2. In the lecture, the professor describes the steps in AHP. Indicate whether each of the following is a step in the process. Click in the correct box for each phrase.

　　[This text will only be heard.]

　　Professor

　　Now there’s some AHP software out there that lets you do the math, but I’m not gonna get into that level of detail now. The important thing that I want to talk about is not the mathematics of it so much as the concept.

　　He wants the students to use the AHP software for an assignment.

　　He does not think the AHP software is useful.

　　He wants to give only a general explanation of AHP.

　　He thinks the students can understand the mathematics without his help.

　　Narrator

　　Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.

　　Professor

　　Of the houses you’re considering, uh, is cost more important than location or, say, one has a big kitchen but only two bedrooms. Is that OK?

　　6. Why does the professor say this: [This text will only be heard.]　　Professor

　　Is that OK?

　　To express uncertainty about the process

　　To indicate an example of a decision to be made

　　To check the students’ understanding of the process

　　To find out what the students prefer

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