托福听力艺术类话题解析：绘画

　　在托福听力考试中，艺术类的话题也是考试的常考内容之一。因此大家在平时的复习中，也要对这部分的背景知识有更好的了解。新东方在线托福网为大家整理了关于绘画的背景内容，供大家参考。

　　谈到绘画，在远古时期我们的祖先就会在岩洞中作画，在TPO的听力练习中，TPO3 Lecture3 Chauvet Painting就有文章涉及到岩洞画。除了岩洞艺术，我们的听力练习中还涉及到油画，这是一个比较重要也相对较难的点，但是如果你细心观察会发现这些文章除了文章背景知识和词汇有所重合之外，在考察方向上也有一些相似的点，例如TPO1 lecture1 Rose Frantzen和TPO19 lecture4 Cecilia Beaux 以及TPO21 lecture4 Alice Neel，下面我们就以一些具体的题目，分析一下他们在考点方面的一些共性。

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　　首先，文章中都会涉及一些常见的艺术流派，而这些艺术流派的定义通常会在文章中进行解释，并在具体的作品中体现该艺术流派的特点，所以我们最好能够听懂文中对于艺术流派的具体描述，因为画家在绘画当中往往会受到这些绘画风格的影响或者将几种风格融合在作品中，例如在TPO21 lecture4 中Alice Neel就融合了Realism和Expressionism在文中对于realism的描述是It's like painting something exactly how it is, so an artist would try to make it as accurate, um... and objective as possible.即准确客观的描绘，另外文中还提到了Expressionism即The artist is depicting subjective emotions, showing the inner reality as interpreted by the artist rather than the outward form.So the image itself might be distorted or exaggerated in some way. The expression overrides objective representation.这种流派的特点就是画家在描绘主观的情感，通过作品来表现出内在的实质而不是外在的形式。所以画出的形象可能会在某种程度上变形或者夸张化。表现主义就掩盖了客观的呈现。在文中就有第3题考察了. Expressionism表现主义：

　　According to the professor, what two aspects of Neel's work are characteristic of Expressionism? Click on 2 answers.

　　A. The depiction of unusual object

　　B. The way the subjects' faces are portrayed

　　C. The shape of the subjects' bodies

　　D. The use of color in the paintings

　　原文中的描述是First, Neel’s use of bold color. All right? You’ll see she uses color to convey emotion and feeling, like the subjects’ clothing for instance, it appears brighter than it really is. And the subjects, the people being portrayed, Neel paid special attention to faces. The way she paints the eyes and how the faces are portrayed, these are quite realistic, like the realists’ work. But another thing Neel did was use elongated, sort of stretchy figures. Neel擅长使用非常大胆的颜色去表现感情和感受，例如像被画对象的衣着看起来比实际的要更明亮，而她所画的人更注重脸部，画人比较写实，这是realism的体现，但是对于身材的描述又会画的比较修长，这又体现了表现主义，所以可以看出特点分别是use of color对应选项D和elongated, sort of stretchy figures。对应选项C

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　　除此之外在TPO1lecture1Rose Frantzen中也提到了Realism，而在这篇文章中画家是将Impressionism印象派和Realism进行了融合，首先文章中对于印象派的艺术风格进行了描述，Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was verydifferent from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um…Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the textureof the canvas was rough.从文中的描述我们可以得到一些印象派作画技巧方面的特点，如：不是对对象进行如实的描绘，作画时着墨很厚，常用大刷子，画布的质地比较粗糙，而在这段描述中的很多词汇也是在艺术类文章中反复出现且一定需要掌握的，例如：Impressionism印象派，depict描绘，brushstroke画笔的一笔，canvas画布，除此之外，文中还介绍了Realism现实主义，对于现实主义的描述是 real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everydaysubject matter, too.也就是会如实描绘被画的对象，而常常画的通常也是一些日常物品和场景。

　　在文章中常常会考察到作品如何体现了一些具体的艺术流派：如文中第四题：

　　What does the professor imply about the painting of the young woman surrounded by pumpkins?

　　A It was painted at an art fair

　　B It combines Impressionism with Realism

　　C It convinced Frantzen that she was a good illustrator

　　D It was originally meant to be used in an advertisement

　　因为文中对这幅作品进行了非常细致的描述：首先是作品反映realism的部分：One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded bypumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like aphotograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. Thisis realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrappedin a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines,kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots oforange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.对于女性的容貌描绘比较写实，但是对于背景的处理使用了印象派的手法,所以第四题的答案应该是B It combines Impressionism with Realism，作品融合了现实主义和印象派的双重风格。

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　　在TPO19 lecture4 Cecilia Beaux其中也有类似的考点，考察到画家作品中反应了什么相应的艺术流派，例如，文中第六题：第二页继续...