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托福阅读素材:农业、铁和班图人(社会科学篇)

2015-04-29 12:27:54来源:网络

  疑难词:

  furnaces n.熔炉

  Metallurgy n.冶金术

  Concentration n. 浓度;集中;

  Receptiveness n. 感受性;接受能力

  Invader n. 侵略者;侵入物

  Traverse adj. 横贯的vt. 穿过;反对

  Harsh adj. 严厉的;严酷的

  Penetrate vt. 渗透;穿透

  Ritual n. 仪式;惯例;礼制adj. 仪式的

  Ingenious adj. 有独创性的

  desiccation n. 干燥

  长难句:

  1.Most of Africa presents a curious case【 in which societies moved directly (from a technology of stone to iron )without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy】, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa.

  句子类型:定语从句+让步状语从句

  句子拆分:

  主干: Most of Africa presents a curious case…

  定语从句:【 in which societies moved directly (from a technology of stone to iron )without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy】

  让步状语从句:although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa.

  翻译: 尽管在非洲西部已经发现了早期的铜器工具使用区,大部分其他非洲地区都有这样一种怪现象:社会发展阶段直接从石器时代跨越到铁器时代,而没有经历中间的铜器或者青铜器时期。

  2.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date,( developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron).

  句子类型:现在分词作状语+定语从句

  句子拆分:

  主干:Africans had iron

  同位语: where metallurgy was a very late and limited development

  现在分词作状语: ( developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron)

  定语从句:where metallurgy was a very late and limited development

  that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron

  翻译:不像在美国,冶铁技术出现的时间很晚而且发展受限,而在非洲冶铁技术在相对早的时候就已经出现了,他们制造的精巧的熔炉,可以产生生产用的高温并够控制接触碳和铁矿石的空气量以满足造铁所需。

  文章标题:

  Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples

  A ,B and C

  文章架构:

  第1,2段:提出农业和铁器在非洲的传播将非洲与近东的中心和地中海世界联系了起来,并介绍了非洲农业的发展,包括农作物和家畜的引进。

  第3,4,5段:铁器的传入,发展及影响。

  第6段:班图人的迁徙及原因。

  文章题材:

  社会科学类—非洲的农业、铁器传入及发展,以及引进技术的班图人的迁徙

  以上就是我们今天的托福阅读文章及分析,希望大家可以学到相应的托福阅读背景知识。


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