2016年5月7日托福阅读真题答案及解析(宁波新东方)

　　5月7日托福阅读真题第三篇

　　题材划分：生物类

　　主要内容：两栖类动物在沙漠的生存

　　讲的是一种两栖动物，一个toad—个虾，如何在沙漠缺水的环境里生存的。主要是讲他们利用很短的湿润的季节进行繁殖来维持种族的繁衍;在旱季的时候，通过各种保护行为来生存下来。toad是长期在地下，然后在合适的时候出来产卵繁衍。还说了未成年的应对，比如水快没了的一些应对。toad存活率很低，因为缺水的话toad就会长得很小，然后toad内部有弱肉强食，外部又有其他捕食者。还讲了有水的时候才能活的一种虾，这种虾也是在盆地底层一直冬眠很久，直到合适环境迅速孵化，一般是冬天，因为冬天水会比较多，在十天左右的时间，然后迅速繁衍。

　　相似TPO练习推荐：

　　TPO-40 Amphibian Thermoregulation

　　TPO-26 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions

　　相关背景资料：

　　Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to reptiles but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.

　　The earliest amphibians evolved in the Devonian period from sarcopterygian fish with lungs and bony-limbed fins, features that were helpful in adapting to dry land. They diversified and became dominant during the Carboniferous and Permian periods, but were later displaced by reptiles and other vertebrates. Over time, amphibians shrank in size and decreased in diversity, leaving only the modern subclass Lissamphibia. The three modern orders of amphibians are Anura (the frogs and toads), Urodela (the salamanders), and Apoda (the caecilians). The number of known amphibian species is approximately 7,000, of which nearly 90% are frogs. The smallest amphibian (and vertebrate) in the world is a frog from New Guinea (Paedophryne amauensis) with a length of just 7.7 mm (0.30 in). The largest living amphibian is the 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), but this is dwarfed by the extinct 9 m (30 ft) Prionosuchus from the middle Permian of Brazil. The study of amphibians is called batrachology, while the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called herpetology.

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