托福阅读真题TPO5第2题原文及答案

　　11.According to P4, which of the following is NOT an explanation for why a group of people might have wanted to colonize the Pacific islands?

　　(Negative Factual Information Question)

　　A.As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory.

　　B.The winds and currents made the islands easy to reach.

　　C.The political situation at home made emigration desirable,

　　D.They found exploration challenging and exciting.

　　相关原句：

　　These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters. (Paragraph 4)

　　本题解析：

　　本段指出东南亚人远征的原因包括人口激增，政治动乱以及对探索未知海洋的渴望，但并未提及风和洋流的作用。因此选择B。

　　正确答案：

　　B

　　12.Why does the author mention the views of “Patrick Kirch”?

　　(Rhetorical Purpose Question)

　　A.To present evidence in favor of Heyerdahl’s idea about American Indians reaching Oceania

　　B.To emphasize the familiarity of Pacific islanders with crops from many different regions of the world

　　C.To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl’s theory has an alternative explanation.

　　D.To demonstrate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and Oceania.

　　相关原句：

　　As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America. (Paragraph 4)

　　本题解析：

　　文中提及Patrick Kirch是为了说明，对所谓的证明 “美洲人迁徙理论”的甜玉米(brought by rafting South Americans)其实有另外的解释----甜玉米是由波利尼亚人从南美洲带回的(returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America)。因此选择C。

　　正确答案：

　　C

　　13.Look at the four squares [■]

　　that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　(Insert Text Question)

　　Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.

　　Where could the sentence best fit?

　　Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders ere variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. ■(A) Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. ■(B) For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. ■(C) They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). ■(D) Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.In1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

　　本题解析：

　　插入句指出“另外的理论关注于其他方向的迁徙”，这与后文中Thor Heyerdahl认为的北美印第安人，秘鲁人和美拉尼西亚人的迁徙相呼应。因此选择D。

　　正确答案：

　　D

　　14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.(Prose Summary Question)

　　Together, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia make up the region described as the Pacific islands, or Oceania.

　　l

　　l

　　l

　　Answer Choices

　　1.The first Europeans to reach the area assumed that the islands’ original inhabitants must have drifted to Oceania, perhaps from Egypt or the Americas.

　　2.It is now believed that the process of colonization required a great deal of skill, determination, and planning and could not have happened by chance.

　　3.Using linguistic and archaeological evidence, anthropologists have determined that the first Pacific islanders were Austronesian people from Southeast Asia.

　　4.New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.

　　5.Although early colonizers of the islands probably came from agriculture-based societies, they were obliged to adopt an economy based on fishing

　　6.Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought.

　　本题解析：

　　正确答案应陈述文章主要内容----关于大洋洲岛民起源的几种猜测，以及对东南亚起源理论的证明。

　　1.文章第二段指出最初关于大洋洲岛民起源的理论认为大洋洲居民来自埃及或美洲：“Pacific islanders were variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia”。1正确。

　　2.文章第三、四段指出大洋洲迁徙的成功有赖于诸多因素：航海技术，种植技术，捕鱼本领以及出征的决心：“it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals”，“The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques”。2正确。

　　3.文章第三段指出大洋洲岛民来源于东南亚，最初是Austronesian满足了进行远征的条件：“the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia …It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B. C.”。3正确。

　　4.文中并未提及大洋洲岛民同南美洲进行贸易。4错误。

　　5.文中并未提及大洋洲岛民被强制(were obliged to)依靠捕鱼为生，事实上他们同样依靠种植业生存。5错误。

　　6.文中所提到“电脑模拟”说明了木筏不太可能实现远征，而并不是说明“征服太平洋诸岛比想象中容易”( Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific)。6错误。

　　正确答案：

　　1，2，3

　　l 段意及难句解析：

　　●第一段：

　　段意：

　　本段介绍了大洋洲的三大文化区域：美拉尼西亚，密克罗尼西亚和波利尼西亚。

　　难句分析：

　　1. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands.

　　短语：small scattered islands：小而零散的岛屿

　　释义：密克罗尼西亚位于美拉尼西亚的北部，主要由小而零散的岛屿组成。

　　2. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand.

　　分句：in the great triangle defined by：由…构成的三角形区域

　　释义：波利尼西亚位于太平洋中心，处在由夏威夷岛、复活节岛以及新西兰岛构成的三角形区域内。

　　●第二段：

　　段意：

　　本段讲述了几种对大洋洲人起源的猜想，并指出最终历史证据表明大洋洲人来自于东南亚。

　　难句分析：

　　1.Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised.

　　短语：in the absence of：在缺乏…的情况下

　　mutually exclusive theories：相互排斥的理论

　　主干：speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began…,in the absense of…,many theories were devised

　　释义：外界在发现大洋洲岛民后便开始猜测他们的起源，在缺少可靠的语言学、考古学以及生物学数据的情况下，许多新奇的然而相互排斥的理论被发明出来。

　　2. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders.

　　短语：navigational abilities：航海能力

　　overall cultural creativity：文化的整体创造力

　　释义：本句开始介绍几种理论，它们认为大洋洲岛民的航海能力及文化创造力是很低下的。

　　3. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America).

　　释义：本句介绍理论之一，G. Elliot Smith与 W. J. Perry认为大洋洲岛民其实是埃及人跨越太平洋的后代，就连美洲文化也是由埃及人创造的。

　　4. In1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians).

　　短语：balsa-log raft：轻质木筏

　　主干：Thor Heyerdahl drifted …to prove his theory that…

　　释义：本句介绍理论之二，探险家Thor Heyerdahl认为大洋洲岛民源于美洲印第安人。

　　5. Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas.

　　词汇：people：此处作动词，指定居

　　释义：本句介绍理论之三：探险家Thor Heyerdahl随后认为大洋洲岛民来自于三种人：北美洲印第安人，秘鲁人以及米拉尼西亚人。随后他还试图证明埃及人对美洲人的影响。

　　6. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

　　短语：prevailing winds and currents：盛行风和洋流

　　主干：the overwhelming evidence…shows that…

　　释义：本句指出了最终结论：历史证据显示大洋洲人来自东南亚，并且具有优秀的航海能力。

　　●第三段：

　　段意：

　　本段描述了大洋洲群岛文化得以形成并发展的前提条件，以及东南亚当时所具备的跨洋迁徙的条件。

　　难句分析：

　　1. The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.

　　短语：basic cultural requirements：基本的文化背景条件

　　分句：“suited to often marginal conditions”修饰“domesticated plants and gardening skills”，即适应边远环境的驯养作物以及种植技术

　　主干：the basic cultural requirements…include…;

　　释义：本句概述了大洋洲文化形成的必要条件：1)造船技术与航海技术;2)适应大洋洲环境的驯养作物以及种植技术;3)多样化的捕鱼工具和技术。

　　2. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice.

　　分句：linguistic reconstruction：对语言的历史重建

　　主干：the culture of that time…is assumed to have a broad inventory of cultivated plants

　　释义：本句指出当时的东南亚文化已经具备多样化的种植作物和技术，满足了迁徙的一个条件。

　　3. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

　　主干：the culture also possessed the foundation for maritime adaptation

　　释义：本句指出东南亚文化还具备了适应海洋活动的条件：如航海船只和捕鱼技术等。

　　●第四段：

　　段意：

　　本段继续支持南亚人迁徙理论，指出这次殖民远征是有其历史原因的，并驳斥了诸如美洲人迁徙的理论。

　　难句分析：

　　1.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

　　短语：the arguments of some：一些人的争论

　　this feat：指殖民远征大洋洲

　　主干：contrary to the arguments that…,it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions;

　　释义：本句指出一些人曾争论认为，早先的波利尼亚人由于意外走失处于孤立之境后选择了大洋洲进行定居。但更合理的解释是：大洋洲殖民远征是经过深思熟虑的，当时迁徙者装备了大量食物和动植物才踏上征程。

　　2. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.

　　短语：be driven by：受…驱使

　　释义：本句指出大洋洲殖民远征的原因：1)内陆地区人口激增以及政治动乱;2)对探险未知海洋的激情。

　　3. Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere.

　　短语：be derived from：发源于…

　　释义：本句指出由于大洋洲人的语言和作物种植均来自东南亚，因此大洋洲岛民也最可能来自那里。----反驳美洲人迁徙等理论。

　　4. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

　　释义：本句进一步驳斥关于美洲人带来甜土豆这一非南亚作物的观点，指出甜土豆虽然并非南亚作物，但它很可能是已经定居在大洋洲的南亚后人----波利尼亚人----前往南美西海岸探险后带回的。